[Since quite sometime, there has been serious dialogue on how to restructure Nepal in federal republic in a changed context in the country. The new Constitution has to embrace a federal republican structure of government. In a small country of ethnic, linguistic and cultural diversity such a task can be very daunting. Nepal's total area is 147,181 square kilometer and population was 28,809,526 in 2008 (World Bank Report). Below posted is a detailed proposal for restructuring the country in federal republic states. The views expressed in this article are that of the author. The Himalayan Voice doesn't endorse them but encourages discussion from all sectors. There were quite a number of tables with crucial data also. Unfortunately however, could not format them to fit into this page (reposted). Editor]
g]kfnsf] ;+3Lo ;+/rgf
n]vs /fh]Gb| श्रेष्ठ
n]vs /fh]Gb| श्रेष्ठ
;+3Lo g]kfnsf] ?k/]vf sf]g{ ;+3Lotfsf] cfwf/ / k|b]z l;df+sgsf] cfwf/ jf/] cfd ;xdltsf] cfjZostf 5 . oL b'O km/s km/s ljifo ePtfklg cGt/;DjlGwt 5g\ . t/ cfhef]nL oL b'O ljifonfO{ uf]nd6f]n u/L k|:t't ug]{ ul/Psf] 5 . ;+3Lotfsf] cfwf/ klxn] km/s km/s b]zsf] ?kdf /x]sf b]zx? Ps cfk;df cfj4 eO{ jg]sf] xf] eg] ltlgx?sf] cfwf/ klxn]sf /fHox? jLr s]Gb| jf ;+3nfO{ slt clwsf/ lbg] eGg] ;Gbe{df ul/g] ;+emf}tf xf] . t/ xfd|f] h:tf] cs]Gb|Ls/0fsf] dfGotfsf] cfwf/df PsfTdsjf6 ;+3fTdsdf uPsf b]zx?sf] nflu To:tf] cfwf/ x'Fb}g . sltko JolQmx?n] ;+3Lotfsf] cfwf/sf] ?kdf gbLgfnf, 8fF8f kxf8 cflbnfO{ k|:t't ug]{ u/]]sf] 5 . s] Tof] ;+3Lotfsf] cfwf/ x'g ;S5 < ;+3jfbsf] jf:tljs cy{ eg]sf] g} /fHozlQm jfF8FkmfF8sf] ;+emf}tf xf] . b'O jf cg]s gbLgfnf, 8fF8f kxf8 cflbsf] jLrdf s'g} ;+emf}tf x'Fb}g . To;}n] ;+3Lotfsf] cfwf/ gbLgfnf, 8fF8f kxf8 cflb x'g ;Sb}g . xfd|f] h:tf] PsfTdsjf6 ;+3fTdsdf uO /x]sf] d'n'ssf] nflu ;+3Lotfsf] cfwf/ eg]sf] s]Gb| / k|:tfljt :jfoQ k|b]zx?jLr /fHozlQm jfF8kmfF8sf] ;+emf}tf g} x'G5 . g]kfn hftLo, eflifs tyf If]qLo :jfoQtfdf cffwfl/t ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGq x'g] ePsf]n] ToxfFsf] :jfoQ ;d'bfox?;+u clwsf/ / st{Jox?sf] jf8kmfF8 g} ;+3Lotfsf] d"Vo cfwf/ xf] . t/ k|b]zx?sf] l;df+sgsf] cfwf/ eg] hftLo, eflifs tyf If]qLo klxrfg, ltlgx?sf] P]ltxfFl;s ef}uf]lns ;Dj4tf / j;f]jf;sf] lg/Gt/tf, cfly{s ;fdYo{tf, hg;+Vof / e"uf]nsf] ;Gt'ng tyf k|zf;lgs /fhgLlts ;'udtf cflb x'g' kb{5 .
hftLo, eflifs / If]qLo klxrfgsf] b[li6n] x]bf{ g]kfnsf] l:ylt c;dfg /x]sf] 5 . oxf+sf] ljz]iftfx¿df – klxnf], g]kfn ljZj dfglrqdf demf}nf cfsf/sf] eP tfklg oxfF !)) eGbf a9L hfltx¿, () eGbf a9L efiff÷efifLx¿ tyf !) eGbf a9L wfld{s ;d'bfox¿ /x]sf 5g\ . bf];|f], jt{dfg g]kfn :yfkgf x'g'eGbf klxnf g]kfnsf cflbjf;L hghfltx¿sf] P]ltxfl;s ef}uflns ¿kdf ;Da4 cf–cfˆgf] hgkb jf ynf]x¿ lyP . t];|f], /fHo lj:tf/sf] qmddf ltgLx¿ cfˆgf]] ynf]x¿af6 lj:yflkt eP tfklg cf–cfˆgf cflbynf]x¿df ce}m ;3g ¿kdf a;f]af; ul//x]sf 5g\ . rf}yf], sfdsf] vf]hL tyf Jofkf/–ljlgdosf] qmddf ljleGg hft÷hghfltx¿ b]ze/ km}lnPsf] tyf /fHon] hghfltsf ynf]x¿ ljeflht u/L /fhgLlts–k|zf;lgs If]q ;Ldf+sg u/]sf] x'Fbf clxn] w]/}h;f] lhNnf / ufpFx¿;d]t ax'hftLo ag]sf 5g\ . vf;u/L dw];, leqL dw]; / ;x/L If]qx¿ ldl>t a:tLsf] ynf] ag]sf] 5 . kf+rf}+, g]kfnsf] hftLo hg;+Vofsf] cj:yf klg c;dfg /x]sf] 5 . oxf+ !%)–@)) b]lv #$÷#% nfv;Dd hg;+Vof ePsf hfltx¿ 5g\ . 5}7f}+, ;+Vofdf w]/}yf]/} eP tfklg g]kfnsf] s'g} klg hflt s'n hg;+Vofsf] ax';+Vos cj:yfdf /x]sf 5}gg\ . ;ftf}+ g]kfnsf] dlxnf tyf blntx¿dfly lxGb" ;fDk|bflos ;Qfsf] r/d pTkL8g klg /x]sf] 5 . cf7f}+, g]kfnsf ljljw hft÷hghfltx¿aLrsf] ;fdflhs–cfly{s ljsf;sf] :t/df w]/} leGgtf /x]sf] 5 . gjf}+, s0ff{nL k|;|j0f If]q nufot klZrdsf kxf8L e"efux¿dfly s]Gb|sf] Wofg guPsf] dfq xf]Og, If]qLo pTkL8g klg /x]sf] 5 . bzf}+, g]kfndf eflifs, wfld{s / ;f+:s[lts ¿kn] klg e]befj sfod /x]sf] 5 . oL ljljw ljz]iftfx¿nfO{ Wofgdf /fVbf g]kfndf hftLo, eflifs / If]qLo :jfoQtfsf] ¿k, tl/sf / txx¿ km/skm/s x'g' cfjZos 5 .
;+3Lo ;+/rgf ljsfz ubf{ Wofg lbg'kg]{ csf]{ dxTjk"0f{ s'/f cfly{s ;fd{Yotf xf] . g]kfnsf] ljljw e"v08x¿sf] ;fdflhs–cfly{s l:ylt km/s–km/s /x]sf] 5 . b]zsf] /fhsLo ;Qf, zf;g Joj:yf, ;|f]t / ;fwgx¿ s]Gb|Ls[t ePsf] x'Fbf jt{dfg /fHosf] :j¿k lgwf{/0f ePkZrft\\ ljsf;df w]/} c;Gt'ng k}bf ePsf] 5 . s]Gb|Ls[t /fHo ;[hgf x'g'eGbf klxnf To:tf] cj:yf lyPg . g]kfndf h8La'6L, hn;|f]t, jg, s[lifhGo pBf]u, ko{6g Joj;foh:tf cfocfh{gsf ;|f]tx¿ b]zsf ljljw e"v08x¿df /x]sf 5g\ . lxdfndf h8La'6L tyf ko{6sLo :ynx¿, kxf8df hn;|f]t tyf bz{gLo :yfgx¿ / t/fO dw]zdf jg tyf pAhfp e"ldx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . xfdLn] /fhgLlts–k|zf;lgs k'gM;+/rgf ubf{ cfly{s k|aGw, ljQ Joj:yfkg, cfocfh{gsf] ;|f]t s;/L ldnfpg], ;|f]t / ;fwgx¿sf] ljt/0f s;/L ug]{, :jfoQtf lb+bf Toxf+sf] hghLjg rNg ;S5–;Sb}g eGg] s'/fnfO{ Wofgdf /fVg'kb{5 . k'gM;+/rgfsf] Pp6f d'Vo kIf Ps k|b]z / csf]{ k|b]z, Ps hflt / csf]{ hfltaLr cfly{s c;dfgtfnfO{ x6fpg] x'g'kb{5 . b]zsf] lk5l8Psf 7fp+ / hft÷hghfltx¿nfO{ pTyfg ug{ s]Gb|n] ljz]if of]hgfx¿ th{'df ug'{kb{5 .
To:t} hg;+Vof / e"uf]nsf] ;Gt'ngsf]] b[li6n] x]bf{ g]kfnsf ljljw e"v08x¿df ;dfg ¿kdf hg;+Vof km}lnPsf] 5}g . g]kfnsf] ef}uflns l:ylt lxdfn, kxf8, leqL dw]; tyf dw];df ljeflht /x]sf] dfq xf]Og ;d'b|L ;txaf6 xf]rf]df () ld6/ tyf cUnf]df **$* ld6/;Dd cUnf] /x]sf] 5 . o;sf] cfsf/ k"j{–klZrd nfDrf] tyf aLraLrdf 7"nf–7"nf gbLx¿n] pQ/blIf0f sf6]sf] 5 . ljutdf c~rnx¿ ljefhg ubf{ ef}uf]lns ;'udtf tyf Ps¿ktfsf] kIfnfO{ OGsf/ u/L pQ/sf] lxdfnb]lv blIf0fdf t/fO dw];;Ddsf] Pp6} c~rn agfP . h'g cldNbf] dfq xf]Og ;Qf¿9 ju{sf] t/fO dw];k|lt x]g{] unt b[li6sf]0fsf] kl/0ffd klg xf] . To;}n] ;+3 /fHo lgdf{0f ubf{ hg;+Vof / e"uf]nsf] ;Gt'ngsf] ;fy} gofF cfwf/df ;+3Lo ;+/rgfsf] ljsfz ug'{ kb{5 . g]kfndf lxdfnL If]qsf] !% k|ltzt e"–efudf &=# k|ltzt dfq hg;+Vof /x]sf] 5 eg] nueu @ Kf|ltzt dfq a9L e"efu /x]sf] leqL dw]; / t/fO dw];df To;sf] t'\ngfdf $*=$ k|ltzt hg;+Vof /x]sf] 5 . To:t} ^* k|ltzt e"efu /x]sf] kxf8df $$=# k|ltzt hg;+Vof /x]sf] 5 . To:f}n] t/fO dw]; tyf ;x/L If]q ePsf] 7fp+df hg;+Vof a9L tyf e"uf]n sd clg lxdfnL / kxf8L If]qdf hg;+Vof sd / e"uf]n a9L x'g] ;Deffjgf /xG5 . hd{gdf klg $)$ :Sjfo/ sL=dL=dfq ePsf] a]|dgh:tf] l;l6 :6]6 / Tof]eGbf nueu !&% u'0ff 7"nf] e"efu ePsf] afd]l/of -afd{g_ h:tf :6]6x¿ 5g\ . To;/L g} ef/tdf /fh:yfg / uf]cf, :k]gdf Sofi6fOn lnof]g / nf l/cf]hfsf] jLr If]qkmnsf] w]/} leGgtf /x]sf] 5 . hg;+Vofsf] b[li6n] klg klxrfgsf] cfwf/df /fHox? lgdf{0f x'Fbf ;dfg x'g ;Sb}g . cd]l/sfdf Soflnkmf]{lgofsf] tLg s/f]8 ;f7Lnfv hg;+Vofsf] t'ngfdf loldËdf kfFr nfvdfq hg;+Vof /x]sf] 5 . To;/L g} ef/tdf pQ/k|b]z / l;lSsd, l:j6\hfNof08df Ho'l/r / leqL Pk]~h]njLr klg hg;+Vofsf] w]/} leGgtf /x]sf] 5 . g]kfnh:tf] ef}uf]lns ljljwtf / hg;+Vofsf] c;dfg ljt/0f ePsf] d'n'sdf hg;+Vof / e"uf]nsf] ;Gt'ng ldnfpg cem uf¥xf] x'G5 t/ klg e/;s ldnfpg k|oTg ug'{kb{5 .
To;/L g} ;+3Lo /fHosf] vfsf sf]bf{ /fhgLlts k|zf;lgs ;'udtfsf] kIfnfO{ klg Wofgdf /fVg' kb{5 . k|b]zx?sf] ef]uf]lns cjl:ylt /fhgLlts k|zf;lgs sfo{ ;+rfngsf] nflu cg's"n x'g'kb{5 . k|fb]lzs s]Gb|x? klg sd jf]lemnf] / sd vlr{nf] xf]; eGg] s'/fdf Wofg lbg' kb{5 . OltxfF;df Pp6} klxrfg ePsf tyf /fhgLlts k|zf;lgs ?kn] Plss[t /x]sf :yfgx?nfO{ ;s];Dd Ps} 7fpFdf kfg{' kb{5 . t/ klxrfgsf] kIfnfO{ dfq x]¥of}+ eg] sltko k|b]zx?df /fhgLlts k|zf;lgs s]Gb| g} w]/} ckfos 7fpFdf kg{ ;Sb5 eg] sltko k|b]zx? 7"nf 7"nf gbLx? tyf kxf8x?sf sf/0f /fhgLlts k|zf;lgs ;'udtfsf] b[li6n] cg'ko'Qm x'g ;Sb5 . To;}n] k|b]zx?sf] l;dfÍgdf pk/f]Qm rf/j6} s'/fx?nfO{ Wofgdf /fVg' kb{5 .
To;/L g} ;+3Lo k|b]zx¿sf] gfdfs/0f ubf{ klg lglZrt dfgb0bsf] cfwf/df ug'{ kb{5 . gfdfs/0f ubf{ s'g} Ps dfq cfwf/ geO h'g cfwf/df k|b]z lgdf{0f ePsf] 5, To; cfwf/df ug'{ pko'{Qm x'G5 . ;dfGot h'g;'s} b]zdf klg hftLo, eflifs, If]qLo / P]ltxfl;s rf/j6f cfwf/df :jfoQ c+ux?sf] gfdfs/0f u/]sf] kfOG5 . xfd|f] b]zdf klg ltg} cfwf/x?nfO{ x]/]/ gfdfs/0f ug'{ pko'{Qm x'G5 .
pk/f]Qm jdf]lhd k|b]zx?sf] l;dfÍg ubf{ ;+3Lo g]kfnsf] ¿k/]vf s:tf] x'G5 t < d}n] @)^) ;fndf ofSy'ª, vDj', tfD;flnª÷;];fGt, g]kfnd08n, td'u08s, du/u08s, y?x6, sf]lrnf, ldlynf÷hgsk'/, ef]hk'/f÷l;d/f}g, cjw, s0ff{nL, e]/L / dxfsfnL u/L !$ k|b]zsf] ;+3Lo ;+/rgf k|:tfj u/]sf]df b]zsf] cfjZostf, hgtfsf] rfxgf / k|fKt ;'emfjx?nfO{ Wofgdf /fvL o; k':tsdfkm{t kl/dflh{t k|:tfj ;fj{hlgs u/]sf] 5' . g]kfnsf] c;dfg ef}uf]lns cjl:ylt, hg;+Vofsf] ljt/0f, hftLo, eflifs tyf If]qLo klxrfg / cfly{s ;fdYo{tfnfO{ x]bf{ s]Gb|;+u k|ToIf ?kdf ;DjlGwt x'g] u/L :jfoQ k|b]z (Provinces) / :jfoQ If]q (Territories)sf] ?kdf b'Ovfn] ;+3Lo PsfO{ :yfkgf ug'{ pko'{Qm x'G5 . ;+3Lo :jfoQ k|b]z eg]sf] ;+3sf] lgdf{tf ;+3Lo PsfO{ xf] eg] ;+3Lo :jfoQ If]q eg]sf] ;+3sf] clwgdf /x]sf] ljz]if PsfO xf] . ljs6 ef}uf]lns cjl:ylt, sd hg;+Vof, ;3g j;f]jf;sf] l:ylt, Pp6} ;fd'bflos klxrfg t/ cfly{s ;fdYo{tfsf] lx;fjn] s]Gb|df lge{/ x'g' kg]{ l:ylt /xg] ;d'bfosf] nflu ;+3Lo :jfoQ If]qsf] ljz]if Joj:yf ul/Psf] xf] . o;sf] x}l;ot ;+3Lo k|b]zsf] eGbf s]xL sd ePtf klg s]Gb|;+u k|ToIf ;DjGw :yflkt ePsf] x'G5 . o; gLlt cg';f/ h'g ;d'bfox?sf] lglZrt hg;+Vof / :jtGq ef}uf]lns cfwf/ /x]sf] 5 ltlgx?nfO{ ;+3Lo k|b]z jf ;+3Lo If]qdf ;d]6\g ;lsg] 5 eg] :jtGq ef}uf]lns cfwf/ geO s'g} k|b]zsf] ;Ldf leq ;3g j;f]jf; ul//x]sf] 5 eg] ltlgx?sf] nflu :jfoQtf leq pk :jfoQtfsf] gLlt lng ;lsg] 5 . ;+3Lo k+|b]zx? leq klxrfgo'Qm ;d'bfox?sf] ;3g j;f]jf; ePsf :yfgx?df :jfoQ lhNnf÷Onfsfx?, l;dfGts[t tyf nf]kf]Gd'v ;d'bfox?sf] nflu ;+/lIft If]qx? / :yfgLo :t/df cfjZostf cg';f/ gu/÷ufp+kflnsfx? jgfpg' kg]{ x'G5 . pk/f]Qm Joj:yfsf] cfwf/df g]kfndf kGw|j6f ;+3Lo k|b]z, tLgj6f ;+3Lo If]q / cfjZostf cg';f/ ljleGg :t/sf pk :jfoQ If]qx? jgfpg ;lsG5 . o;/L k'gM;+/rgf ubf{ gof+ g]kfnsf] kGw|j6f ;+3Lo k|b]zx? tyf tLgj6f ;+3Lo If]qx? lgDgfg';f/ x'g]5–
!= lnDj'jfg –
s_ k|b]zsf] gfdfs/0f M lnDj'jfg k|b]z P]ltxfFl;s ?kdf c?0fk"{j l6i6f;Ddsf] e"efu xf] . Ps ;do kNnf]ls/ft gfdjf6 ;d]t k|l;4 lnDj'jfg k|b]z bzj6f ;;fgf sljnfO{ /fHosf] ;+3sf] ?kdf /x]sf] lyof] . ;'uf}ln ;GwLkZrft d]rL k"j{sf] e"efu ef/tdf k/]sf] 5 . c?0f / d]rL gbL jLrsf] e"efu dWo clxn] klg lnDj'sf] jfx'Notf /x]sf] / j;f]jf;sf] lg/Gt/tfsf] cfwf/df o;nfO{ lnDj'jfg k|b]zsf] ?kdf cuf8L j9fpg' pko'{Qm x'G5 . lnDj' efiffdf of] If]q ofSy'ªe"dLsf] ?kdf klg k|rlnt /x]sf] 5 .
v_ cfj4 e"efu / If]qkmn M
jt{dfg kf+ry/, Onfd / t]x|y'd lhNnfsf] ;j} e"efu
tfKn]h'ª lhNnfsf] kfk'Ë, cf]nfËr'Ëuf]nf / n]n]k uflj; afx]s ;Dk"0f{ e"efu,
;+v'jf;efsf] ;efkf]v/L, ;Lwfkf]v/L, l;4sfnL, g"g9fsL / dfjflbg uflj;x?
wgs'6fsf] d"lt{9'+uf, xflQvs{, k/]jflbg, t]lnof, t+v'jf, s'?n], af]9], v'jfkf]v, a'9Ldf]/ª, kmfszLj, b+bf ahf/, /fhf/fgL, df}gfa'9Ls, a;Gtk'/, d'9]af;,] a'waf/] uflj;x?,
Dff]/Ësf] s]/faf/L, kfltufpF, l;+Gxfb]jL, ef]ut]lg, jf/f+uL, /ldt]vf]nf, 6fF8L, hfF6], n]6fª, a]naf/L, dw'dNnf, pnf{af/L uflj;x? kb{5 .
o; k|b]zsf] If]qkmn ^%#$ ju{ lsnf]ld6/ /x]sf] 5 .
u_ k|fb]lzs s]Gb| / k|d'v zx/x? M o; k|b]zsf] k|fb]lzs s]Gb| Dofªn'ªjhf/ x'g]5 . o; k|b]zdf k"mlSnªjhf/, lkmbLd, Onfd jhf/, lkmSsn, /ljjhf/, kz'kltgu/, j;Gtk'/, pnf{jf/L cflb k|d'v zx/x? 5g\ .
3_ s"n hg;+Vof M oxfFsf] s"n hg;+Vof (#^$(^ /x]sf] 5 .
ª_ k|d'v hflt -hft÷hghflt_ / efiff M o; k|b]zsf] k|d'v hflt lnDj' xf], h;sf] k|ltzt @&=%& /x]sf] 5 . oxfFsf cGo k|d'v hfltx?df /fO, If]qL, jfx'g, tfdfª, du/, g]jf/ cflb /x]sf 5g\ . oxfFsf efiffx?df lnDj', g]kfnL, jfGtjf, ofSvf, n]Krf cflb x'g\ . k|d'v hfltx? jfx]s oxfF ofSvf / n]Krfx?sf] :jfoQ Onfsf u7g x'g ;Sb5 .
r_ k|fs[lts ;|f]t tyf cfly{s ;fd{Yotf M d]rL, tdf]/, sGsfO h:tf gbLgfnfx?, s[lif, kz'kfng, vfgL / lrofjufgx?, >LcGt', ;Gb'sk'/, dfOkf]v/L, l;4sfnL h:tf ko{6sLo tyf wfld{s dxTjsf :ynx? oxfFsf ;|f]t ;fwgx? x'g\ .
5_ ef}lts k"jf{wf/ M oxfF ef}lts k"jf{wf/sf] ?kdf d]rL /fhdfu{, sf]zL /fhdfu{, lrof pBf]u, k'jf vf]nf hnljB't cfof]hgf, tfKn]h'ª ljdfg:yn, lzIf0f ;+:yf tyf :jf:Yo s]Gb|x? cflbsf] ljsfz ePsf] 5 .
@= ls/ft –
s_ k|b]zsf] gfdfs/0f M P]ltxfFl;s ?kdf ls/ft k|b]zsf] dWo If]qnfO{ clxn] /fO hfltsf] jfx'Notf / j;f]jf;sf] lg/Gt/tfsf] cfwf/df ls/ft k|b]z jgfOg] 5 . /fO effiffdf of] If]q vDj'jfgsf] ?kdf klg k|rlnt /x]sf] 5 . P]ltxfFl;s ls/ft e"ld xfn ljleGg k|b]zsf] ?kdf k|:tfj ul/Psf] x'Fbf o;nfO{ vDj' k|b]zsf] ?kdf w]/}n] k|:tfj u/]sf lyP . t/ ls/ft /fOx?n] P]ltxfFl;s ;Eotfsf] b[li6sf]0fn] lxhf]sf] dfemls/ft If]qnfO{ ls/ft k|b]zs} ?kdf cufl8 j9fpg rfx]sf] kl/k|]Ifdf o;nfO{ ls/ft k|b]z eGg' g} pko'{Qm x'G5 .
v_ cfj4 e"efu / If]qkmn M
vf]6fª / ef]hk'/sf] ;j} e"efu,
;+v'jf;efsf] lnDj'jfg k|b]zdf k/]sf] ;efkf]v/L, l;wfkf]v/L, l;4sfnL, g"g9fsL, dfjflbg / z]kf{ :jfoQ If]qdf k/]sf] r]k'jf, xltof / dsfn' uflj;x? afx]s ;j},
wgs'6f lhNnfsf] wgs'6f g=kf=, 5g'jf, 8+8fufpF, d/]s vtx/], cvf}{nL lhtk'/, n]u'jf, 3f]nL{vs{, ;fg], kmnf6], d'uf, kfv|Laf;, eL/ufpF, 5'+udf+u, vf]s', l5Gtfª, cfFvL;Nnf, a]nxf/], cfxfn], dxfef/t, e]8]tf/ uflj;x?
;f]n'v'Da' lhNnfsf] r]:sfd, u'8]n, a'ª, dfa] -kjfO_, ;f]tfª, nf]lv+d, jfs', b]p;f, af;f, sf+s'-ss'_, d'SnL, h'a', g]n], sf+u]n-sf~h]n_, k+rd, g]rf atf;], g]rf a]83/L, ;Nofg, lt+unf uflj;x?,
cf]vn9'+ufsf] s'eL/, ;]gf{, lbofn], /ft]df6], dfDvf, ebf}/], kf]v/], ?Dhf6f/, gf/fo0f:yfg, 7'nf5fk, tn'jf, df]nL, s]6's], jfS;f, pa'g, dfg]eHofª, dfwjk'/, yfSn], l;:g]/L, tf]S;]n uflj;x?
;'g;/Lsf] w/fg g=kf=, a/fxIf]q, lai0f'kfb'sf, k+rsGof, e/f}n, dx]Gb|gu/ uflj;x?
df]/ªsf] ofªl;nf uflj;
pbok'/sf] lqo'uf g=kf=, yfgfufpF, afF;af]6], tfDnLbf, anfDtf, hfFt], nfkmfufpF, cfFk6f/, vfFa', hNkf l5nf}g], ;fpg], l;l4k'/, rf}bGbL, a]n6f/, a;fxf, s6'Gh] ajfnf, yf]sl;nf, hf]lubx, xl8of, tk]Zj/L, ;'Gb/k'/, d}gfd}gL uflj;x?
o; k|b]zsf] If]qkmn *&$@ ju{ lsnf]ld6/ /x]sf] 5 .
u_ k|fb]lzs s]Gb| / k|d'v zx/x? M o; k|b]zsf] k|fb]lzs s]Gb| wgs'6f x'g] 5 . o; k|b]zdf ef]hk'/, r}gk'/, vfFbjf/L, lbQm]n, vf]6fª, s6f/L, ufO{3f6, ?Dhf6f/, w/fg cflb k|d'v zx/x? 5g\ .
3_ s"n hg;+Vof M oxfFsf] s"n hg;+Vof !!%$)&( /x]sf] 5 .
ª_ k|d'v hflt -hft÷hghflt_ jf efiff M oxfFsf] k|d'v hflt /fO xf], h;sf] k|ltzt @(=(* /x]sf] 5 . oxFfsf cGo hfltx?df If]qL, du/, jfx'g, tfdfª, g]jf/, u'?Ë, yf? cflb /x]sf 5g\ . oxfFsf k|d'v efiffx?df jfGtjf /fO, g]kfnL, lnDj', ofSvf, yf?, ;'g'jf/, bg'jf/ cflb x'g\ . k|d'v hfltx? jfx]s oxfF ofSvfx?sf] :jfoQ Onfsf u7g x'g ;Sb5 .
r_ k|fs[lts ;|f]t tyf cfly{s ;fd{Yotf M c?0f gbL, xn];L, lxn], j/fx If]q h:tf ko{6sLo tyf wfld{s dxTjsf :ynx? s[lif, kz'kfng, vfgL cflb oxfFsf ;|f]t ;fwgx? x'g\ .
5_ ef}lts k"jf{wf/ M oxfF ef}lts k"jf{wf/sf] ?kdf sf]zL /fhdfu{, wgs'6f cf}Bf]lus If]q, nfld8fF8f / t'lDnª6f/ ljdfg:yn, ljlk sf]O/fnf :jf:Yo lj1fg k|lt:yfg, SofDk;x? cflbsf] ljsfz ePsf] 5 .
#= sf]lrnf –
s_ k|b]zsf] gfdfs/0f M sf]zL÷sf]rL gbLsf] cf;kf; j;f]jf; ug]{] /fhj+zL, wfg's, sf]r], d]r], yf?, ugufO{, tfhk'l/of cflb ljleGg hfltsf] P]ltxfFl;s ynf]sf] ?kdf OltxfF;sf ljleGg sfnv08df sf]lrnf÷sf}lzsf, sfdtfk'/ cflb gfdjf6 o; If]qdf zf;g ;+rfng ePsf] b]lvG5 . ;f]¥xf}+ ztfJbLdf kfNkfnL ;]gx?n] /fHo lj:tf/ u/L df]/Ë /fHo :yfkgf ug'{ k"j{ ToxfF ls/ftx?n] zf;g u/]sf lyP . df]/Ë /fHojf6 dsjfgk'/ / rf}b08L /fHo 5l'§PkZrft o; If]qsf] s]Gb| ljhok'/ zx/ jg]sf] lyof] . o; If]qnfO{ dxfef/tsfnLg dT:ob]z -dWob]zsf !^ dxfhgkbx? dWo Ps, h'g jt{dfg /fh:yfg cf;kf; kb{5_ sf /fhf lj/f6sf] gfdjf6 klg gfdfs/0f ug]{ ul/Psf] 5 . xfn of] If]q ldl>t j;f]jf; ePsf] jx' ;fF:s[lts If]qsf] ?kdf /x]sf] 5 . o; k|b]zsf] gfd P]ltxfFl;s klxrfgsf] cfwf/df sf]lrnf÷sf}lzsf /fVg' pko'{Qm x'G5 .
v_ cfj4 e"efu / If]qkmn M
emfkf lhNnfsf] ;j} e"efu
df]/ªsf] lnDj'jfgdf k/]sf] s]/faf/L, kfltufpF, l;+Gxfb]jL, ef]ut]lg, jf/f+uL, /ldt]vf]nf, 6fF8L, hfF6], n]6fª, a]naf/L, dw'dNnf, pnf{af/L uflj;x? / ls/ft k|b]zdf k/]sf] ofªl;nf uflj; afx]s ;a} .
;'g;/Lsf] ls/ft k|b]zdf k/]sf w/fg g=kf=, a/fxIf]q, lai0f'kfb'sf, k+rsGof, e/f}n, dx]Gb|gu/ afx]s ;j}
o; k|b]zsf] If]qkmn #^%$ ju{ lsnf]ld6/ /x]sf] 5 .
u_ k|fb]lzs s]Gb| / k|d'v zx/x? M o; k|b]zsf] k|fb]lzs s]Gb| lj/f6gu/ x'g] 5 . o; k|b]zdf sfFs8leQf, ljtf{df]8, eb|k'/, bds, d]rLgu/, rGb|u9L, b'xjL, O6x/L, Og?jf cflb k|d'v zx/x? 5g\ .
3_ s"n hg;+Vof M oxfFsf] s"n hg;+Vof !&*&(^! /x]sf] 5 .
ª_ k|d'v hflt -hft÷hghflt_ jf efiff M oxfFsf] k|d'v hflt jfx'g xf], h;sf] k|ltzt !%=*# /x]sf] 5 eg] sf]ryf?, /fhj+zL, ;Gyfn, emfFu8, lwdfn, ugufO{, tfhk'/Lof nufotsf cflbjf;Lx?sf] hg;+Vof nueu @) k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . oxfFsf cGo hfltx?df If]qL, d':nLd, /fO, lnDj', g]jf/, ofbj, du/, tfdfª cflb /x]sf 5g\ . oxfFsf k|d'v efiffx?df g]kfnL, d}ynL, /fhj+zL, yf?, /fO, lnDj', lwdfn, ;Gyfn, emfFu8 cflb x'g\ . oxfF k|d'v hfltx? jfx]s /fhj+zL, ;Gyfn, emfFu8, lwdfn, ugufO{, tfhk'/Lof cflbsf] :jfoQ Onfsfx? u7g x'g ;Sb5 .
r_ k|fs[lts ;|f]t tyf cfly{s ;fd{Yotf M sf]zL, d]rL, sGsfO, /t'jf vf]nf h:tf gbLgfnfx?, s[lif, kz'kfng, pBf]u, Joj;fo, Jofkf/, cflb oxfFsf ;|f]t ;fwgx? x'g\ .
5_ ef}lts k"jf{wf/ M k"j{ klZrd /fhdfu{, d]rL /fhdfu{, k'jf{~rn ljZjljBfno, :jf:Yo s]Gb|x?, sf]zL 6Kk' jGo hGt' cf/Ifsf] k'jL{ efu, lj/f6gu/ / eb|k'/ ljdfg:yn, lj/f6gu/, eb|k'/ tyf O6x/L cf}Bf]lus If]qx?, sGsfO / ;'g;/L–df]/ª l;+rfO cfof]hgf cflb oxfFsf ef}lts k"jf{wf/x? x'g\ .
$= ldlynf –
s_ k|b]zsf] gfdfs/0f M k|frLg ljb]x /fHosf] /fhwfgL ldlynf -jt{dfg hgsk'/_df ljsl;t ;Eotfsf] cg'z/0f ug]{ dw]zL ;d'bfosf] ?kdf g]kfnsf] k"jL{ t/fOdf d}ynL eflifs ;d'bfosf] ;3g j;f]jf; /x]sf] 5 . s'g} ;do gf/fo0fLsf] tL/;Dd k}mlnPsf] sf/0f tL/x't elgg] o; If]qdf ;f]¥xf}+ ztfJbLdf kfNkfnL ;]gx?n] /fHo lj:tf/ u/L df]/Ë /fHo :yfkgf u/]sf lyP . df]/Ë /fHojf6 dsjfgk'/ / rf}b08L /fHo 5l'§PkZrft o; If]qdf rf}b08Ljf6 zf;g ;+rfng ePsf] lyof] . o; If]qnfO{ dw]z, ldlynf, ljb]x, hgsk'/, rf}b08L cflb gfd k|:tfljt ePtf klg ldlynf efifL dw]zL ;d'bfosf] jfx'Notf /x]sf] xF'bf klxrfgsf] lx;fjn] o;sf] gfd ldlynf /fVg' pko'[Qm x'G5 .
v_ cfj4 e"efu / If]qkmn M
;Kt/L, l;/xf / wg'iff lhNnfsf] ;Dk"0f{ e"efu
;nf{xLsf] tfD;flnªdf k/]sf] 3'/sf}nL, x/Lcf}g, 9'+u|Lvf]nf, ;;fk'/, ctf}{nL, kTy/sf]6, gf/fo0fvf]nf, k/jfgLk'/, sfnLGhf]/ uflj;x? jfx]s ;j}
dxf]Q/Lsf] tfd;flnªdf k/]sf] vo/df/f, dfO:yfg uflj; afx]s ;j}
o; k|b]zsf] If]qkmn %$&^ ju{ lsnf]ld6/ /x]sf] 5 .
u_ k|fb]lzs s]Gb| / k|d'v zx/x? M o; k|b]zsf] k|fb]lzs s]Gb| hgsk'/ x'g] 5 . o; k|b]zdf /fhlj/fh, nfxfg, l;/fxf, hn]Zj/, 9Ns]j/, dn+ujf, jlb{jf;, rf}/fxf cflb k|d'v zx/x? 5g\ .
3_ s"n hg;+Vof M oxfFsf] s"n hg;+Vof @()*%)! /x]sf] 5 .
ª_ k|d'v efiff / hflt -hft÷hghflt_ M oxfFsf] k|d'v efiff d}ynL xf], h;sf] k|ltzt &(=@^ /x]sf] 5 . oxfFsf cGo efiffx?df g]kfnL, ef]hk'/L, yf? cflb /x]sf 5g\ . oxfFsf k|d'v hfltx?df ofbj, d'lZnd, wfg's, t]nL, yf?, jfx'g, g]jf/, If]qL, rdf/, d';x/, xhfd, vfTj], jfFt/, jflgof cflb x'g\ .
r_ k|fs[lts ;|f]t tyf cfly{s ;fd{Yotf M sdnf, jfudlt h:tf gbLgfnfx?, /fd hfgsLdlGb/, wg'iffwfd h:tf ko{6sLo tyf wfld{s dxTjsf :ynx?, s[lif, kz'kfng, j}b]lzs /f]huf/L, pBf]u, Joj;fo, Jofkf/, cflb oxfFsf ;|f]t ;fwgx? x'g\ .
5_ ef}lts k"jf{wf/ M k"j{ klZrd /fhdfu{, jg]kf jlb{jf; /fhdfu{, hgsk'/ cf}Bf]lus If]q, /fhlj/fh / hgsk'/ ljdfg:yn, klZrd sf]zL, sdnf, dg':d/f h:tf l;+rfO cfof]hgfx?, sf]zL 6Kk' jGo hGt' cf/Ifsf] klZrdL efu, lzIf0f ;+:yf tyf :jf:Yo s]Gb|x? oxfFsf ef}lts k"jf{wf/x? x'g .
%= ;'gsf]zL –
s_ k|b]zsf] gfdfs/0f M Ps ;do jNnf]ls/ft gfdjf6 k|l;4 ;'gsf]zL k|b]z P]ltxfFl;s ?kdf ;'gsf]zLb]lv b'wsf]zL;Ddsf] e"efu xf] . bz}+sf] j]nf bf]nvfdf x'g] v8\u ofqfdf æxfO xfO /fhf, ;'O ;'O /fhf, uf]Ndf /fhfÆ egL k|frLg sfnsf ls/ftL zf;sx?sf] gfd pNn]v ug]{ k/Dk/f /x]jf6 klg ToxfF ls/ft kl/jf/sf] zf;g /x]sf] ;+s]t ub{5 . klxnf of] If]qdf ;'gsf]zLsf] cf;kf; ;'gjf/x?sf] ;3g j:tL /x]sf] s'/f OltxfF;ljbx? jtfpF5g\ . dNn sfndf o; e"lddf g]jf/x?n] /fHolj:tf/ ubf{ g]kfnd08n cGtu{tsf] :jfoQ /fHosf] ?kdf åfNvf /fHo jgfOPsf] lyof] . xfn of] ldl>t j;f]jf; ePsf] jx';fF:s[lts If]q ePsf] x'Fbf o;nfO{ ;'gsf]zL k|b]zsf] ?kdf cuf8L j9fpg' pko'{Qm x'G5 .
v_ cfj4 e"efu / If]qkmn M
bf]nvfsf] z]kf{ :jfoQ k|b]zdf k/]sf uf}/Lz+s/, dfa'{, 5fv' uflj;x? afx]s ;j},
cf]vn9'+ufsf] ls/ft k|b]zdf k/]sf s'eL/, ;]gf{, lbofn], /ft]df6], dfDvf, ebf}/], kf]v/], ?Dhf6f/, gf/fo0f:yfg, 7'nf5fk, tn'jf, df]nL, s]6's], jfS;f, pa'g, dfg]eHofª, dfwjk'/, yfSn], l;:g]/L, tf]S;]n uflj;x? / z]kf{ :jfoQ If]qdf k/]sf e'l;+uf, lju'tf/, jgf}{nL, lvlhkmnft], kftn], hGt/vfgL, /+ubLk, >Lrf}/ uflj;x? jfx]s ;j}
pbok'/sf] ls/ft k|b]zdf k/]sf lqo'uf g=kf=, yfgfufpF, afF;af]6], tfDnLbf, anfDtf, hfFt], nfkmfufpF, cfFk6f/, vfFa', hNkf l5nf}g], ;fpg], l;l4k'/, rf}bGbL, a]n6f/, a;fxf, s6'Gh] ajfnf, yf]sl;nf, hf]lubx, xl8of, tk]Zj/L, ;'Gb/k'/, d}gfd}gL uflj;x? afx]s ;j}
/fd]5fksf] tfD;flnªdf k/]sf nvgk'/, u'G;L, a]yfg, lxnb]jL, l8dLkf]v/L, 8f]/Djf, vbfb]jL, dh'jf, ufun e8f}/], lkªv'/L uflj;x? / z]kf{ :jfoQ If]qdf k/]sf] u'Db]nsf] pQ/L efu afx]s ;j}
l;Gw'nLsf] sdnfdfO g=kf=, em+fufemf]nL /ftfdf6f, k'/fgf] em+uemf]nL, l;tnkf6L, eLd]Zj/, hnsGof, /tg5'/f, /fgLr'/L, tLgsGof, afg]Zj/, e'jg]Zj/L Ujfntf/, lalthf]/ au}rf, eLd:yfg, a]n3f/L, /fgLaf;, x6kt], h/fof]6f/, afnfhf]/, b"weHof+u, tf];dvf]nf, ;'gfd kf]v/L, afx'g ltNk'ª, nfdkfGtf/, lqe'jg cDaf]6], vf]nfufpF, vf+u;f+u, :jfnkfyfgf, /TgfjtL, dxfb]j8+8f, lhgfv', c?0f yfs'/, lgkfg], l;/yf}nL, x/;fxL, 6fF8L, b'wf}nL, ss'/ 7fs'/ uflj;x?
. o; k|b]zsf] If]qkmn %$*@ ju{ lsnf]ld6/ /x]sf] 5 .
u_ k|fb]lzs s]Gb| / k|d'v zx/x? M o; k|b]zsf] k|fb]lzs s]Gb| sdnfdfO x'g] 5 . o; k|b]zdf rl/sf]6, v'sf]{6, dGynL cflb k|d'v zx/x? 5g\ .
3_ s"n hg;+Vof M oxfFsf] s"n hg;+Vof &(#*&% /x]sf] 5 .
ª_ k|d'v hflt -hft÷hghflt_ jf efiff M oxfFsf] k|d'v hflt If]qL xf], h;sf] k|ltzt @$=^@ /x]sf] 5 . oxfFsf cGo hfltx?df tfdfª, du/, g]jf/, jfx'g, ;'gjf/, yfld, z]kf{, /fO cflb /x]sf 5g\ . oxfFsf k|d'v efiffx?df g]kfnL, tfdfª, g]kfnefiff, ;'g'jf/, bg'jf/ cflb x'g\ . oxfF k|d'v hfltx? jfx]s ;'gjf/, bg'jf/, yfld, lh/]n, / ;''/]nx?sf] :jfoQ Onfsf u7g x'g ;Sb5 .
r_ k|fs[lts ;|f]t tyf cfly{s ;fd{Yotf M ;'gsf]zL, tfdfsf]zL, lnv', b'wsf]zL h:tf gbLfnfx?, led]Zj/, sdnfdfO, lh/L h:tf ko{6sLo tyf wfld{s dxTjsf :ynx? s[lif, kz'kfng, vfgL cflb oxfFsf ;|f]t ;fwgx? x'g\ .
5_ ef}lts k"jf{wf/ M ef}lts k"jf{wf/ ljsfzsf] If]qdf oxfF k':knfn /fhdfu{, ljlk sf]O/fnf /fhdfu{, lh/L /hdfu{, lvDtL hnljB't cfof]hgf, nfª6fª /fli6«o lgs'~h, lzIf0f ;+:yf tyf :jf:Yo s]Gb|x? /x]sf 5g\ .
^= tfD;flnª –
s_ k|b]zsf] gfdfs/0f M P]ltxfFl;s ?kdf g]kfnd08n /fHosf] ?kdf /x]sf] o; e"lddf ltdfn, ;]dhf]ª nufot sltko If]qx?df tfdfªx?sf] sljnfO{ e'ld lyof] . tfdfªx?sf] d"n j;f]jf; If]q u0f]z lxdfn cf;kf;sf] ;];fª÷;];fGt If]q xf] . g]jf/x?n] tfdfªx?nfO{ ;Fo\ eGf] u/]sf] 5 eg] v;x?n] st} hf8 hflt / st} ef]6]sf] ;+1f lbP . kl5 ;g\ !(#@ df eLd ;dz]/sf] kfnfdf tfdfªx?s} dfusf] cfwf/df ltlgx?nfO{ tfdfª elgPsf] xf] . tfdfªx?sf] ;3g j;f]jf; / lg/Gt/tfsf] cfwf/df o; If]qnfO{ tfD;flnª gfdfs/0f ug'{ pko'{Qm x'G5 .
v_ cfj4 e"efu / If]qkmn M
/;'jf / l;Gw'kfNrf]s lhNnfsf] ;j} e"efu
g'jfsf]6sf] cf]v/kf}jf sfult ufpF afx]s ;j}
dsjfgk'/ g]jfM k|b]zdf k/]sf ah|jf/fxL, lrTnfª, lt:t'ª uflj; tyf kfn'ªsf] jhf/ If]q / r]kfª :jfoQ If]qdf k/]sf] sGs8f uflj; tyf vO/fË / /fS;L/fËsf] r]kfª If]qx? afx]s ;j} .
dxf]Q/Lsf] vo/df/f / dfO:yfg uflj; .
;nf{xLsf] 3'/sf}nL, x/Lcf}g, 9'+u|Lvf]nf, ;;fk'/, ctf}{nL, kTy/sf]6, gf/fo0fvf]nf, k/jfgLk'/, sfnLGhf]/ uflj;x? .
l;Gw'nLsf] x/Lx/k'/u9L, lkkndf8L, dx]Gb|Hof8L, Sofg]Zj/, snkj[If, slknfsf]6, ;Gtfg]Zj/L, /fdk'/, g]qsfnL, tfdhf]/, dxfb]j:yfg, 8+8Lu'/fF;], a:tLk'/, cdfn], eb|sfnL s'n]Zj/ uflj;x? .
/fd]5fksf] nvgk'/, u'G;L, a]yfg, lxnb]jL, l8dLkf]v/L, 8f]/Djf, vgLofb]jL, dh'jf, ufun e8f}/], lkªv'/L uflj; .
wflbªsf] s6'Gh], ;]Dhf]ª, dfkf{s, ;Tob]jL, bfvf{, /L, emnf{ª, nfkf, ;]t'{ª, ltKnLª uflj; .
nlntk'/sf] y'nfb'n'{ª, luDbL, c;/fª, Ko'6f/, Os'8f]n, e"v]n, dlgv]n, uf]6Lv]n, rGbgk'/, sfn]Zj/, ;+v', e6\6]8f+8f, dfN6f, bnrf]sL, rf}3/], ef/b]p, gNn', 3';]n / b]jLrf}/ uflj;x? .
af/fsf] cdn]vu~h / /tgk'/L uflj;
sfe|]sf] g]jfM k|b]zdf k/]sf gfl;sf:yfg ;f+uf, 6's'rf gfnf, pu|r08L gfnf, pu|tf/f hgfufn, jg]kf gu/kflnsf, w'lnv]n gu/kflnsf, kgf}lt gu/kflnsf zf/bf atf;], sfe|] lgTo r08]Zj/L, kftfnv]t, kf+rvfn, b]pe"ld jfn'jf / ;fyL3/ eujtL afx]s ;a} .
o; k|b]zsf] If]qkmn !!$%) ju{ lsnf]ld6/ /x]sf] 5 .
u_ k|fb]lzs s]Gb| / k|d'v zx/x? M o; k|b]zsf] k|fb]lzs s]Gb| x]6f}+8f x'g] 5 . o; k|b]zdf lqz'nL, rf}tf/f, jf¥xlj;], w'~r] cflb k|d'v zx/x? 5g\ .
3_ s"n hg;+Vof M oxfFsf] s"n hg;+Vof !%&@%$! /x]sf] 5, h;sf] ljj/0f o; k|sf/ 5 .
ª_ k|d'v hflt -hft÷hghflt_ jf efiff M oxfFsf] k|d'v hflt tfdfª xf], h;sf] k|ltzt $#=&* /x]sf] 5 . oxfFsf cGo hfltx?df jfx'g, If]qL, g]jf/, du/, u'?ª, /fO{, z]kf{, r]kfª cflb /x]sf 5g\ . oxfFsf k|d'v efiffx?df tfdfª, g]kfnL, g]kfnefiff cflb x'g\ . k|d'v hfltx? jfx]s oxfF yfld, x]Ndf] cflbsf] :jfoQ Onfsf u7g x'g ;Sb5 .
r_ k|fs[lts ;|f]t tyf cfly{s ;fd{Yotf M ;'gsf]zL, ef]]6]sf]zL, /f]zL, OGb|fjtL, d]nDrL, lqz'nL, j'9L u08sL h:tf gbLx?, /;'jfu9L, dsjfgk'/u9L, x]nDj', uf];fOs'08, kfFrkf]v/L, tftf]kfgL h:tf ko{6sLo tyf wfld{s dxTjsf :ynx?, s[lif, kz'kfng, jghËn, vfgL, Jofkf/ cflb oxfFsf ;|f]t ;fwgx? x'g\ .
5_ ef}lts k"jf{wf/ M c/lgsf] /fhdfu{, lqe'jg /fhky, ljlk sf]O/fnf /fhdfu{, x]6f}+8f cf}Bf]lus If]q, lzIf0f ;+:yf tyf :jf:Yo s]Gb|x?, ;'gsf]zL, ef]]6]sf]zL, OGb|fjtL, lqz'nL, s'n]vfgL, lrlnd] h:tf hnljB't cfof]hgf cflb oxfFsf ef}lts k"jf{wf/x? x'g\ .
&= g]jfM –
s_ k|b]zsf] gfdfs/0f M P]ltxfl;s ?kdf g]kfnd08n /fHosf] ?kdf g]jf/x?sf] zf;g /x]sf] o; k|b]zsf] d'Vo cfwf/ k'/fgf] g]kfnsf] e"efu x'g]5 . g]kfnd08n k|frLg dxfhgkbLo -;+3Lo_ 9fFrfsf] /fHo ePsf]n] o; leqsf] e"efudWo clxn] tfdfª jfx'Notf ePsf] If]qnfO{ tfD;flnª / åfNvf If]qnfO{ ;'gsf]zL k|b]zsf] ?kdf /flvPsf] x'Fbf o;sf] gfd g]jfM k|b]z /fVg' pko'+Qm x'G5 . P]ltxfFl;s ;Eotfsf] b[li6sf]0fn] /fOx?sf] jfx'Notf ePsf] If]qnfO{ ls/ft eg] h:t} o;sf] gfd g]]kfnd08n klg /fVg ;lsG5 .
v_ cfj4 e"efu tyf If]qkmn M
sf7df08f} / eQmk'/ lhNnfsf] ;a} e"efu
nlntk'/sf] n=k'= gu/kflnsf tyf ;}+a' e};]kflt, vf]sgf, Odf8f]n, l6sfynL, a'+udlt, ;'gfsf]7L, wfkfv]n, xl/l;l4, l;l4k'/, n]n], n'e', nfdf6f/, la;+v'gf/fo0f, uf]8fdrf}/, y}a, em?jf/f;L, y]rf], 8's'5fk, 5DkL, rfkfufp“, al8v]n / uf]bfj/L
sfe]| lhNnfsf] jg]kf gu/kflnsf, w'lnv]n gu/kflnsf, kgf}lt gu/kflnsf tyf gfl;sf:yfg ;f+uf, 6's'rf gfnf, pu|r08L gfnf, pu|tf/f hgfufn, zf/bf atf;], sfe|] lgTo r08]Zj/L, kftfnv]t, kf+rvfn, b]pe"ld jfn'jf / ;fyL3/ eujtL uflj;x?
dsjfg/k'/sf] ah|af/fxL, lrTnfª, lt:t'ª uflj;x? / kfn'ª jhf/
g'jfsf]6sf] cf]v/kf}jf sfult ufpF .
o; k|b]zsf] If]qkmn (*! ju{ lsnf]ld6/ /x]sf] 5 .
u_ k|fb]lzs s]Gb| / k|d'v zx/x? M o; k|b]zsf] k|fb]lzs s]Gb| sf7df8f}+ x'g] 5 . o; k|b]zdf kf6g, eQmk'/, jg]kf, w'nLv]n, kgf}lt, lslt{k'/, rDkfk'/, dWok'/ cflb k|d'v zx/x? 5g\ .
3_ s"n hg;+Vof M oxfFsf] s"n hg;+Vof !&#^^)@ /x]sf] 5 .
ª_ k|d'v hflt -hft÷hghflt_ jf efiff M oxfFsf] k|d'v hflt g]jf/ xf], h;sf] k|ltzt #^=)! /x]sf] 5 . oxfFsf cGo hfltx?df If]qL, jfx'g, tfdfª, du/, u'?ª, z]kf{, /fO, yf?, lnDj' cflb /x]sf 5g\ . oxfFsf k|d'v efiffx?df g]kfnefiff, g]kfnL, tfdfª cflb x'g\ . k|d'v hfltx? jfx]s oxfF kx/Lx?sf] :jfoQ Onfsf u7g x'g ;Sb5 .
r_ k|fs[lts ;|f]t tyf cfly{s ;fdYo{tf M oxfF jfudlt, lji0f'dlt, dgf]x/f nufotsf gbLgfnfx?, ;'Gb/Lhn, uf]8fj/L, k"mnrf]ls, rDkfb]jL, gu/sf]6, kz'klt, :joDe", jf}4, blIf0fsfnL, rf/ gf/fo0f, knf~rf]s eujtL, d7 dGbL/ h:tf ko{6sLo tyf wfld{s dxTjsf :ynx?, dNnsfnlg b/jf/x?, g]kfnd08nsf ljsl;t ;+:s[ltx?, cfw'lgs ;]jf, s[lif, kz'kfng, jghËn, vfgL, pBf]u, Joj;fo, ko{6g, Jofkf/, k|ljlw cflb oxfFsf ;|f]t ;fwgx? x'g\ .
5_ ef}lts k"jf{wf/ M lqe'jg ljZjljBfno, sf7df8f}+ ljZjljBfno, jL/, l6lrË, kf6g, zlxb u+ufnfn, SofG;/, cfFvf cflb c:ktfnx?, d]l8sn tyf 8]06n sn]hx?, Ol~hlgol/Ë sn]h, cGt/f{li6«o ljdfg:yn, l/Ë/f]8, /fhdfu{x?, jf6f]3f6f], lzjk'/L hnfwf/ tyf jGo hGt' cf/If s]Gb|, uf]s0f{ ;kmf/L kfs{, ;'Gb/Lhn, kml{kª, vf]kf;L h:tf hnljB't cfof]hgfx?, jfnfh', kf6g / eQmk'/ cf}Bf]lus If]qx?, l;+x b/jf/, gf/fo0flx6L Do'lhod h:tf ef}lts k"jf{wf/x? o; k|b]zdf /x]sf 5g\ .
*= ef]hk'/f –
s_ k|b]zsf] gfdfs/0f M k|frLg jHhL /fHo cGtu{t /x]sf] ef]hk'/f If]q s'g} ;do ljb]x / lt/x'tsf] ?kdf klg /x]sf] lyof] . P3f/f}+ ztfJbLlt/ o; If]qdf s0ff{6x?n] jf/f s]Gb| ePsf] l;d/f}gu9 /fHo :yfkgf u/]sf lyP eg] ;f]¥xf}+ ztfJbLdf kfNkfnL ;]gx?n] df]/Ë;Dd /fHo lj:tf/ u/]kZrft of] If]q df]/Ë /fHo cGtu{t lyof] . df]/Ë /fHojf6 dsjfgk'/ 5l'§PkZrft o; If]qdf dsjfgk'/sf ;]gx?n] zf;g u/]sf lyP . o; If]qnfO{ l;d/f}g, tL/e'lQm cflb gfd k|:tfljt ePtf klg ef]hk'/L efifL dw]zL ;d'bfosf] jfx'Notf /x]sf] xF'bf klxrfgsf] lx;fjn] o;sf] gfd ef]hk'/f /fVg' ;j}eGbf pko'[Qm x'G5 .
v_ cfj4 e"efu / If]qkmn M
k;f{ / /f}6x6sf ;j} uflj;x?
af/fsf] cdn]vu~h, /tgk'/L afx]s ;j}
o; k|b]zsf] If]qkmn #$&( ju{ lsnf]ld6/ /x]sf] 5 .
u_ k|fb]lzs s]Gb| / k|d'v zx/x? M o; k|b]zsf] k|fb]lzs s]Gb| jL/u~h x'g] 5 . o; k|b]zdf gLhu9, uf}/, rGb|lgufxk'/, ktn}of, x/Lcf]g, sn}of, nfnjGbL cflb k|d'v zx/x? 5g\ .
3_ s"n hg;+Vof M oxfFsf] s"n hg;+Vof !%*&$!) /x]sf] 5 .
ª_ k|d'v efiff / hflt -hft÷hghflt_ M oxfFsf] k|d'v efiff ef]hk'/L xf], h;sf] k|ltzt ^$=% /x]sf] 5 . oxfFsf cGo efiffx?df jlHhsf, g]kfnL, d}ynL cflb /x]sf 5g\ . oxfFsf k|d'v hfltx?df d'lZnd, ofbj, yf?, s'dL{, t]nL, sf]O/L, jfx'g, If]qL, tfdfª, snjf/, dNnfxf, jflgof, g]jf/, xl/hg, rdf/, b';fw cflb x'g\ .
r_ k|fs[lts ;|f]t tyf cfly{s ;fd{Yotf M jfudlt gbL, l;d/f}gu9, u9LdfO h:tf ko{6sLo tyf wfld{s dxTjsf :ynx?, s[lif, kz'kfng, j}b]lzs /f]huf/L, pBf]u, Joj;fo, Jofkf/, cflb oxfFsf ;|f]t ;fwgx? x'g\ .
5_ ef}lts k"jf{wf/ M k"j{ klZrd /fhdfu{, gLhu9 ljdfg:yn, l;d/f ljdfg:yn, k|:tfljt b|'t /fhdfu{, ;'v jGb/ufx, lzIf0f ;+:yf tyf :jf:Yo s]Gb|x?, jfudlt tyf gf/fo0fL c+rn l;+rfO cfof]hgf, k;f{ jGo hGt' cf/If, jL/u~h tyf k/jfgLk'/ cf}Bf]lus s]Gb| cflb oxfFsf ef}lts k"jf{wf/x? x'g\ .
(= dWof~rn –
s_ k|b]zsf] gfdfs/0f M ef}uf]lns cjl:yltsf] b[li6n] dWo tyf blIf0f u08s If]qdf kg]{ dWof~rn k|b]z g]kfnsf] ;Dk"0f{ hg;+Vofsf] lx;fjn] dWo If]qdf kb{5 . bdf}nL, k[YjLgf/fo0fgu/ h:tf kxf8L If]qb]lv ;Kt u08sLsf] ;+ud:ynx? ;d]t ;d]6LPsf] x'Fbf e"uf]nsf] lx;fjn] klg of] nueu dWo If]qdf g} kg{ cfpF5 . g]kfndf clxn] of] If]qnfO{ s]Gb|Lt u/L cnUu} :jfoQ k|b]z jgfpg]b]lv eljiosf] ;+3Lo /fhwfgL jgfpg] ;Ddsf ljleGg k|:tfjx? rrf{df 5g\ . jx';fF:s[lts gofF cfwf/df jGg] of] If]q g]kfnsf k|fo ;j}h;f] hfltx?sf] ;+ude"ld ePsf]n] xfn of] ldl>t j;f]jf; If]q xf] . o; If]qnfO{ gf/fo0fL, u08sL, lrtjg cflb gfd k|:tfljt ePtf klg g]kfnsf] dWo If]qdf kg{] ePsf]n] o;sf] gfd dWof~rn /fVg' pko'[Qm x'G5 .
v_ cfj4 e"efu / If]qkmn M
lrtjg lhNnfsf] sfpn], zlQmvf]/, l;l4, sf]/fs, nf]yf/ uflj;x? afx]s ;j}
wflbªsf] tfD;flnª / r]kfª If]qdf k/]sf uflj;x? afx]s ;a} .
uf]vf{sf] k[YjLgf/fo0f g=kf=, cfFklkkn, cf?kf]v/L, cf;/fª, afu'jf, afs/fª, eLsf]{6, e"DnLrf]s, af]nf{ª, a'gsf]6, 5f]k|fs, 5\ofªnL, b/e'ª, b]p/fnL, wfjf, w'jfsf]6, lkmgfd, k'mh]n, u}v'/, 3}?ª, 3\ofnrf]s, xfDxL{, vf]Knfª, ds}l;ª, dgsfdgf, df;]n, gf/]Zj/, kfn'Dtf/, tfSn'ª, tfs'sf]6, ts'demnfs'/Laf]6, tf8/fª, tfªnLrf]s, tfk]n uflj;x?
tgx'Fsf] Aof; g=kf=, af/e~Hofª, efg', rf]s lr;fkfgL, bf]/lkmbL{, b'n] uf}+8f, 3fFl; s'jf, Sofldg, k'sf]{6, /fOk'/, l/l:t, ?kfsf]6 tgx'F, ;lt:j/f, ;fD3f, tgx'F;'/, len'{ª, jGbLk'/, l5Ds]Zj/L, w/dkfgL, cfFj'v}/]gL, b]p/fnL, b]j3f6 / sf]6f uflj;x? .
o; k|b]zsf] If]qkmn %)@* ju{ lsnf]ld6/ /x]sf] 5 .
u_ k|fb]lzs s]Gb| / k|d'v zx/x? M o; k|b]zsf] k|fb]lzs s]Gb| e/tk'/ x'g] 5 . o; k|b]zdf u}+8fsf]6, d'UnLg, /fdk'/, uh'/L , wflbªj]zL, k[YjLgf/fo0f gu/, bdf}nL cflb k|d'v zx/x? 5g\ .
3_ s"n hg;+Vof M oxfFsf] s"n hg;+Vof !@@*,%*^ /x]sf] 5 .
ª_ k|d'v hflt -hft÷hghflt_ jf efiff M oxfFsf] k|d'v hflt jfx'g xf], h;sf] k|ltzt @$=#^ /x]sf] 5 . oxfFsf hfltx?df If]qL, du/, u'?ª, g]jf/, yf?, tfdfª, sfdL, ;fls{, s'dfn, e'h]n, r]kfª, cflb /x]sf 5g\ . oxfFsf k|d'v efiffx?df g]kfnL, du/, u'?ª, g]jf/ / yf? x'g\ . k|d'v hfltx? jfx]s oxfF s'dfn, e'h]n cflbsf] :jfoQ Onfsf u7g x'g ;Sb5 .
r_ k|fs[lts ;|f]t tyf cfly{s ;fd{Yotf M gf/fo0fL, sflnu08sL, dfbL, ;]tL, d:of{ªbL, lqz'nL h:tf gbLgfnfx?, ;f}/fxf, jflNdsL cf>d, b]j3f6, uf]vf{, dgsfdgf, jGbLk'/ h:tf ko{6sLo tyf wfld{s dxTjsf :ynx? s[lif, kz'kfng, pBf]u, Joj;fo, Jofkf/, cflb oxfFsf ;|f]t ;fwgx? x'g\ .
5_ ef}lts k"jf{wf/ M k"j{ klZrd /fhdfu{, uf]vf{ d'unLg /fhdfu{, lrtjg jGo hGt' cf/If, e/tk'/ ljdfg:yn, /fdk'/ s[lif ljZjljBfno, :jf:Yo s]Gb|x?, d:of{ËbL tyf u08s hnljB't cfof]hgf, gf/fo0fL lnkm\6 tyf klZrd u08s l;+rfO cfof]hgf cfln oxfFsf ef}lts k"jf{wf/x? x'g\ .
!)= td'jfg –
s_ k|b]zsf] gfdfs/0f M P]ltxfFl;s jf¥x du/ftsf] pQ/df cGgk"0f{ tyf ndh'Ë lxdfnsf] cf;kf; u08sL k|;|jg If]qdf æUo" /f]ËÆ elgg] gf} td' d'lvofx?sf] :jfoQ sljnfO e"ld lyof] . h8fg / ;];fGtsf] jLrdf /x]sf] ltg} td' Uo" /f]Ësf ;Gtfgx? g} clxn] u'?Ë sxlnPsf x'g\ . u08s If]qsf] e"efu dWo clxn] klg u'?Ësf] jfx'Notf / j;f]jf;sf] lg/Gt/tfsf] cfwf/df of] If]q td'u08s, td'Xo'n cflb gfdn] klg k|rlnt /x]sf] 5 . P]ltxfFl;s ?kdf u'?Ëx?n] cfk"mnfO{ td'sf] ?kdf lrgfpFb} cfPsf] x'Fbf u'?Ëx?sf] jfx'Notf /x]sf] pQ/ u08s If]qnfO{ td'jfg k|b]z gfdfs/0f ug{' pko'[Qm x'G5 .
v_ cfj4 e"efu / If]qkmn M
d':tfª, dgfª, ndh'ª, sf:sL lhNnfsf] ;Dk"0f{ e"efu
kj{t lhNnfsf] e'Stf+hn uflj;
uf]vf{ lhNnfsf] dGWof~rn k|b]zdf k/]sf uflj;x? afx]s ;j}
:ofªhfsf] afª]km6\s] / 6S;f/ uflj;
tgx'Fsf] yfk]s, l/l:t / lkm/lkm/] uflj;x?
o; k|b]zsf] If]qkmn !@%&& ju{ lsnf]ld6/ /x]sf] 5 .
u_ k|fb]lzs s]Gb| / k|d'v zx/x? M o; k|b]zsf] k|fb]lzs s]Gb| kf]v/f x'g] 5 . o; k|b]zdf n]vgfygu/, hf]d;f]d, j];Lzx/, uf]vf{, rfd] cflb k|d'v ahf/ If]qx? 5g\ .
3_ s"n hg;+Vof M oxfFsf] s"n hg;+Vof ^((%%! /x]sf] 5 .
ª_ k|d'v hflt -hft÷hghflt_ jf efiff M oxfFsf] k|d'v hflt u'?Ë xf], h;sf] k|ltzt @*=@) /x]sf] 5 . oxfFsf] cGo hfltx?df jfx'g, If]qL, sfdL, du/, g]jf/, tfdfª, ;fsL{, e'h]n, ysfnL cflb /x]sf 5g\ . oxfFsf k|d'v efiffx?df u'?Ë, g]kfnL, du/ cflb x'g\ . k|d'v hfltx? jfx]s oxfF e'h]n, ysfnL, b'/f, j/fd' cflbsf] :jfoQ Onfsf u7g x'g ;Sb5 .
r_ k|fs[lts ;|f]t tyf cfly{s ;fd{Yotf M o; k|b]zdf cGgk"0f{, dfR5fk'R5||«], dgf:n', ndh'Ë h:tf lxdfnx?, ;]tL, d:of{ËbL, df]bL, b/f}bL h:tf gbLgfnfx?, km]jf, j]ugf;, ?kf, ltlnrf] h:tf tfnx?, gf}8fF8f, d'lQmgfy, nf]dfGyfª, ljGb]jf;LgL, ;/fªsf]6, 3fGb|'s, 3n]ufpF, rfd] h:tf ko{6sLo tyf wfld{s dxTjsf :ynx?, s[lif, h8Lj'6L, kz'kfng, jghËn, pBf]u, Joj;fo, Jofkf/ cflb oxfFsf ;|f]t ;fwgx? x'g\ .
5_ ef}lts k"jf{wf/ M k[YjL /fhdfu{, kf]v/f jfun'Ë /fhdfu{, kf]v/f ljZjljBfno, SofDk;, dl0fkfn sn]h, cGgk"0f{ cf/If If]q, dgfZn' ;+/If0f If]q, kf]v/f cf]Bf]lus If]q, dWo d:of{ËbL hnljB't cfof]hgf, lzIf0f ;+:yf tyf :jf:Yo s]Gb|x? kf]v/f tyf hf]d;f]d ljdfg;yn, Kof/fUnfOl8ª, ¥ofkm\l6ª cflb o; If]qdf ljsl;t ef}lts k"jf{wf/x? x'g .
!!= du/ft –
s_ k|b]zsf] gfdfs/0f M v;x?n] u08sL k|;|jg If]qdf k|j]z ug'{ eGbf cufl8 To; If]qdf l/l;ª, l3l/ª nufot jf¥xj6f sljnf d'lvofx?sf] zf;g /x]sf] ;+3sf] ?kdf P]ltxfFl;s du/ft /fHosf] cl:tTj /x]sf] lyof] . rf}wf}+ ztfJbLdf v; /fhfx?x?n] /fHo lj:tf/ u/]kZrft lht]sf] /fHo cfkm\gf] 5f]/fx? tyf efO ef/bf/x?nfO{ jfF8b} hfFbf ToxfF rf}lj;] /fHo cl:tTjdf cfPsf] lyof] . u08s If]qsf] e"efu dWo clxn] klg du/sf] jfx'Notf /x]sf] / j;f]jf;sf] lg/Gt/tfsf] cfwf/df o;nfO{ du/ft k|b]zsf] ?kdf cuf8L j9fpg' pko'{Qm x'G5 . hftLo–If]qLo lx;fjn] of] du/u08s If]qsf] ?kdf klg k|rlnt /x]sf] 5 .
v_ cfj4 e"efu / If]qkmn M
kfNkf, DofUbL, afun'+u, /f]Nkf, Ko"7fg, c3f{vfFrL, u'NdL lhNnfsf] ;Dk"0f{ e"efu
kj{tsf] e'Qmf+hn uflj; jfx]s ;j}
:ofªhfsf] afª]kmf6\s], 6S;f/ uflj; afx]s ;j}
tgx'Fsf] dWof~rn / td'jfgdf k/]sf] uflj;x? afx]s ;a}
?s'dsf] /fgdfd}sf]6, x's'd, yfs;]/f, sGs|L{, dxt, 5'gjfª, dfaf{ª, s08f, /fª;L, sf]n, hfFu, Kjfª uflj;x?
8f]Nkfsf] ;x/tf/f uflj;
o; k|b]zsf] If]qkmn !%($% ju{ lsnf]ld6/ /x]sf] 5 .
u_ k|fb]lzs s]Gb| / k|d'v zx/x? M o; k|b]zsf] k|fb]lzs s]Gb| /fdgu/ x'g] 5 . o; k|b]zdf tfg;]g, l/8L, tD3f;, k'tnLjhf/, jflnª, j]gL, jfun'Ë, lnjfª, 9f]/kf6g cflb k|d'v zx/x? 5g\ .
3_ s"n hg;+Vof M oxfFsf] s"n hg;+Vof @##@!)* /x]sf] 5, h;sf] ljj/0f o; k|sf/ 5 .
ª_ k|d'v hflt -hft÷hghflt_ jf efiff M oxfFsf] k|d'v hflt du/ xf], h;sf] k|ltzt #!=%^ /x]sf] 5 . oxfFsf cGo hfltx?df jfx'g, If]qL, sfdL, ;fls{, u'?ª, g]jf/, 7s'/L, s'dfn, eh]n cflb /x]sf 5g\ . oxfFsf k|d'v efiffx?df du/, g]kfnL, u'?ª cflb x'g\ . k|d'v hfltx? jfx]s oxfF s'dfn / e'h]nx?sf] :jfoQ Onfsf u7g x'g ;Sb5 .
r_ k|fs[lts ;|f]t tyf cfly{s ;fd{Yotf M wjnflul/ lxdfn, ;]tL, sfnLu08sL, DofUbL vf]nf, cfFlw vf]nf, lemd?s vf]nf h:tf gbLgfnfx?, 9f]/kf6g, >L gu/, tD3f;, DofUbL, zx/tf/f, :ju{åf/L h:tf ko{6sLo tyf wfld{s dxTjsf :ynx?, s[lif, h8Lj'6L, kz'kfng, jghËn, vfgL, pBf]u, Joj;fo, Jofkf/ cflb oxfFsf ;|f]t ;fwgx? x'g\ .
5_ ef}lts k"jf{wf/ M kf]v/f jfun'Ë /fhdfu{, 9f]/kf6g lzsf/ cf/If If]q, lzIf0f ;+:yf tyf :jf:Yo s]Gb|x?, sfnLu08sL, cfFlw vf]nf / lemd?s vf]nf hnljB't cfof]hgf cflb oxfFsf cf}lts k"jf{wf/x? x'g\ .
!@= y?x6 –
s_ k|b]zsf] gfdfs/0f M P]ltxfFl;s ?kdf o; If]qdf j}l4s sfnd} sf]nLo, slknj:t', cflb ;;fgf /fHox?sf] cl:tTj lyof] eg] bfËsf] cf;kf; yf?ju|f6sf] ?kdf :jfoQ sljnfO e"ldx? lyP . yf?x? d'nt leqL dw]z / r'/] 8fF8fsf] blIf0fL k]mbLsf cflbjf;L x'g\ . t/ d]rLb]lv dxfsfnL ;Ddsf] r'/] cf;kf;sf] If]qnfO{ Pp6} k|b]z jgfpg' ef}uf]lns tyf k|zf;lgs /fhgLlts b[li6sf]0fn] klg cg'ko'Qm s'/f xf] . sf]r yf?x? sf]lrnfdf tyf lrtf}lgof yf?x? dWof~rndf /xg' g} x/]s b[li6n] Jojxfl/s x'G5 . clxn] yf?x?sf] P]ltxfFl;s ef}uf]lns ;Dj4tf, hg;+Vofsf] lg/Gt/tf / jfx'Notfsf] cfwf/df u08sL klZrdsf] leqL dw]z / dw]zsf] e"efu ;d]6LPsf] cjwL eflifs If]q jfx]ssf] e"efunfO{ y?xt k|b]zsf] ?kdf cuf8L j9fpg' pko'Qm x'G5 .
v_ cfj4 e"efu / If]qkmn
?kGb]xL, s}nfnL / alb{of lhNnfsf] ;Dk"0f{ e"efu
gjnk/f;Lsf] du/ft / dWof~rndf k/]sf uflj;x? afx]s ;a},
slknj:t'sf] u'uf}nL, zLju9L, zLjk'/, as'{nk'/, b'lbof, a'9L, hogu/, dx]Gb|sf]6, sf]k'jf, enjf8, df]ltk'/, gy';f, uh]8f, af0fu+uf uflj;x?
bfªsf] a]nf, sf]Onfaf;, /fhk'/ uflj; / uf]alb{of uflj;sf] blIf0fL e"efu afx]s ;j}
afFs]sf] afu]Zj/L, ags6jf, ahfk'/, lagf}gf, lr;fkfgL, sGrgk'/, v;s':dfsf] pQ/L cfwf e"efu, sf]xnk'/, dxfb]jk'/L, gf}a:tf, kmQ]k'/, /fwfk'/, /em]gf, /fgLofk'/, zDz]/u+h, l;tfk'/, ;f]gfk'/, ltltlxl/of, pbok'/ uflj;x?
s+rgk'/sf] k/f;g, lqe'jga:tL, nIdLk'/, sflnsf, a};L la5jf, /}sjf/ lj5jf, z+s/k'/, >Lk'/, /fdk'/ ljnf;k'/, z+s/k'/, b]vfte'nL, s[i0fk'/, lkknf8L uflj;x?
o; k|b]zsf] If]qkmn !@#@* ju{ lsnf]ld6/ /x]sf] 5 .
u_ k|fb]lzs s]Gb| / k|d'v zx/x? M o; k|b]zsf] k|fb]lzs s]Gb| b]pv'/L pkTosf x'g] 5 . o; k|b]zdf dx]Gb|gu/, u'n]l/of, sf]xnk'/, lr;fkfgL, wgu9L, cQ]l/of, 6Lsfk'/, 3f]/fxL, t'N;Lk'/, ndxL, j'6jn, ;'gjn, e}/xjf, sfjf;f]tL, k/f;L cflb k|d'v zx/x? 5g\ .
3_ s"n hg;+Vof M oxfFsf] s"n hg;+Vof @**^%^^ /x]sf] 5, h;sf] ljj/0f o; k|sf/ 5 .
ª_ k|d'v hflt -hft÷hghflt_ jf efiff M oxfFsf] k|d'v hflt yf? xf], h;sf] k|ltzt #!=&# /x]sf] 5 . oxfFsf cGo hfltx?df If]qL, jfx'g, du/, d'ZnLd, sfdL, ofbj, 7s'/L, rdf/, u'?ª, g]jf/, ;fsL{, t]nL, nf]w cflb /x]sf 5g\ . oxfFsf k|d'v efiffx?df yf?, g]kfnL, du/ cflb x'g\ .
r_ k|fs[lts ;|f]t tyf cfly{s ;fd{Yotf M s0ff{nL, dxfsfnL, /flKt, jjO, df]xgf, jf0fu+uf, ltgfp h:tf gbLgfnfx?, jlb{of lgs'~h, 3f]8f3f]8L tfn, n'lDjgL, h:tf ko{6sLo tyf wfld{s dxTjsf :ynx?, s[lif, kz'kfng, j}]b]lzs /f]huf/L, pBf]u, Joj;fo, Jofkf/, cflb oxfFsf ;|f]t ;fwgx? x'g\ .
5_ ef}lts k"jf{wf/ M k"j{ klZrd /fhdfu{, dx]Gb|gu/, wgu9L, t'N;Lk'/ / l;4fy{gu/ ljdfg:yn, dxfsfnL, /fhfk'/ / jjO l;+rfO cfofhgf, lzIf0f ;+:yf tyf :jf:Yo s]Gb|x? oxfFsf ef}lts k"jf{wf.x? x'g\ .
!#= cjw –
s_ k|b]zsf] gfdfs/0f M k|frLg sf};n÷cjw /fHodf ljsl;t cjw ;Eotfsf] cg'z/0f ug]{ dw]zL ;d'bfosf] ?kdf g]kfnsf] klZrd t/fOdf cjwL eflifs ;d'bfosf] ;3g j;f]jf; /x]sf] 5 . c7f/f}+ ztfJbLlt/ slknj:t' cf;kf;sf If]qx?df cjwsf gjfa;+u 7]Ssfdf lnO g]kfnsf zf;sx?n] o; If]qdf cfkm\gf] clwsf/ :yflkt u/]sf] lyof] . ;g !*%& df lj|l6z Oi6 Ol08of sDkgLsf] lj?4 ePsf] cjwL ;]gfx?sf] ljb|f]x bjfpg hËjxfb'/n] d2t u/] jfkt lkmtf{ kfPsf] gofF d'n's dWo jfFs]sf] blIf0fL efudf cjw efifL dw]zL ;d'bfosf] jfx'Notf /x]sf] 5 . slknj:t', jfFs] cflbsf] blIf0fL efu ;d]l6Psf] o; If]qnfO{ klZrd dw]z, n'lDjgL cflb gfd k|:tfljt ePtf klg cjwL efifL dw]zL ;d'bfosf] jfx'Notf /x]sf] xF'bf o;sf] gfd cjw /fVg' ;j}eGbf pko'[Qm x'G5 .
v_ cfj4 e"efu / If]qkmn M
slknj:t' y?x6df k/]sf uflj;x? afx]s ;j}
bfªsf], sf]Onfaf;, a]nf, /fhk'/ uflj; tyf uf]alb{ofsf] blIf0fL e"efu
afFs]sf] s6s'Oof, nId0fk'/, sfnfkmG6f, g/]gk'/, dy]Oof, u+ufk'/, xf]lnof, a]6fxfgL, dLdL{lgof, pbok'/, lkk/fxjf, ejfgLofk'/, k'/}gf, ags6L, sDbL, a;'b]jk'/, dflgsfk'/, ugk'/, a]nfx/L, vh'/f v'bL{, v:sfsf08f], g]kfnu+h g=kf= kf/;k'/, h};k'/, ;}uf}gf, OGb|k'/ / v;s':df uflj;sf] blIf0fL e"efu .
o; k|b]zsf] If]qkmn @)^$ ju{ lsnf]ld6/ /x]sf] 5 .
u_ k|fb]lzs s]Gb| / k|d'v zx/x? M o; k|b]zsf] k|fb]lzs s]Gb| g]kfnu~h x'g] 5 . o; k|b]zdf slknj:t', tf}lnxjf, lgUnlxjf cflb k|d'v zx/x? 5g\ .
3_ s"n hg;+Vof M oxfFsf] s"n hg;+Vof ^)@!)% /x]sf] 5, h;sf] ljj/0f o; k|sf/ 5 .
ª_ k|d'v efiff / hflt -hft÷hghflt_ M oxfFsf] k|d'v efiff cjwL xf], h;sf] k|ltzt *)=# /x]sf] 5 . oxfFsf cGo efiffx?df g]kfnL, yf?, pb'{ cflb /x]sf 5g\ . oxfFsf k|d'v hfltx?df d'lZnd, ofbj, yf?, If]qL, jfx'g, g]jf/, du/ cflb x'g\ .
r_ k|fs[lts ;|f]t tyf cfly{s ;fd{Yotf M /flKt gbL, ltnf}/fsf]6, slknj:t' h:tf ko{6sLo tyf wfld{s dxTjsf :ynx? s[lif, kz'kfng, j}b]lzs /f]huf/L, pBf]u, Joj;fo, Jofkf/, cflb oxfFsf ;|f]t ;fwgx? x'g\ .
5_ ef}lts k"jf{wf/ M k"j{ klZrd /fhdfu{, g]kfnu~h cf}Bf]lus If]q, g]kfn d]l8sn sn]h, :jf:Yo s]Gb|x?, g]kfnu~h ljdfg:yn cflb oxfFsf ef}lts k"jf{wf/x? x'g\ .
!$= l;+hf –
s_ k|b]zsf gfdfs/0f M P]ltxfFl;s ?kdf vzfgsf] ?kdf kl/lrt If]q dxfsfnL ;]tL / e]/L s0ff{nL k|;|jg If]qdf k}mlnPsf] 5 . /fHo lj:tf/sf] qmddf vz ;fd|fHo k"j{df u08s If]q, klZrddf s]bf/v08 -s'dfp u9jfn_ pQ/df ltJjtsf] vf/L k|b]z -u'u], uf+u|L / k'/ª_ tyf blIf0fdf tnx§L;Dd k}mlnPsf] lyof] . ef}uf]lns ljs6tf tyf ef}lts k"jf{wf/sf] ljsfzdf kl5 k/]sf] sf/0f vz cfo{ ;d'bfosf] jfx'Notf /x]sf] ePtf klg o; If]qnfO{ /fhgLlts k|zf;lgs ;'udtfsf] b[li6n] Pp6} k|b]zdf /fVg' pko'{Qm b]lv+b}g . t/ oftfoft tyf ef}lts k"jf{wf/sf] ljsfz;+u} ;DjlGwt ;d'bfon] rfx]df ;fd'bflos klxrfgsf] lx;fjn] dxfsfnL ;]tL k|;|jg If]q / e]/L s0ff{nL k|;|jg If]qnfO{ ldnfP/ Pp6} k|b]zsf] ?kdf vzfg k|b]z jgfpg ;lsG5 . xfnnfO{ If]qLo pTkL8gsf] sf/0f k5fl8 k/]sf] If]q ePsf] x'Fbf l;+hf gbL lsgf/df ljsl;t ;Eotfsf] cfwf/df o; k|b]zsf] gfd l;+hf /fVg' pko'{Qm x'G5 .
v_ cfj4 e"efux? / If]qkmn M
h'Dnf, sflnsf]6, b}n]v, ;Nofg, ;'v]{t / hfh/sf]6sf ;j} uflj;x?
?s'dsf] ;f]ef, kf]v/f, lkkn, l;:g], uf]tfdsf]6, ;Nofgvf8L, jfkmLsf]6, :ofnkfvf, ;+v, rf]vf]afª, ?3f, vf/f, d'?, enfS5f, d'l;sf]6, k]p3f, rLafª, em'nf, dfUdf, 8Nn', cf7aL;sf]6, cf7aL;8+8fufpF, 3]Tdf, u/fofnf, l;DnL, cfdf{, g'jfsf]6, vf]nfufpF, k'yL{dsfF8f, ljhoZj/L uflj;x?
8f]Nkfsf] nf}g, /fxf, b'gO, dfemLkmn, h'kmfn, lqk'/fsf]6, ;'x'g, nfxf, lns', kxf8f, sOufpF, l/ld, gfs'{, sflnsf, ;dL{ uflj;x?
d'u'sf /f]jf, lkgf, sfsL{jf8f, >Lgu/, ?3f, /f/f, ;]/L, lhd, vf}dfn], u'Dyf, >Lsf]6, snO, XofUn', sf]68fF8f, ;'/fwLs, u'Dyf, w}gf, kmft', gfyk'{, ldxL uflj;x?
x'Dnfsf] wdf{, d]n5]d, uf]ly, ;fof, h}/, >Lgu/, sflnsf, d}nf, dbfgf, ;fsL{b]p, a/}O ufpF, l/l8sf]6, nfln, /fof, l5kf/f, :of8f, 8+8fkmof uflj;x?
oxfFsf] If]qkmn !*)%( ju{ lsnf]ld6/ 5 .
u_ k|fb]lzs s]Gb| / k|d'v zx/x? M o; k|b]zsf] k|fb]lzs s]Gb| ;'v]{t x'g] 5 . cGo k|d'v zx/x?df l;+hf, b'Nn', DofGdf, b'g}, gf/fo0fgu/, udu9L cflb /x]sf 5g\ .
3_ s"n hg;+Vof M oxfFsf] s"n hg;+Vof ((&))& /x]sf] 5 .
ª_ k|d'v hflt -hft÷hghflt_ jf efiff M oxfFsf] k|d'v hflt If]qL xf], h;sf] k|ltzt $)=&* /x]sf] 5 . oxfFsf cGo hfltx?df sfdL, du/, jfx'g, 7s'/L, bdfO, ;fsL{, ;f]gf/, ;Gof;L cflb /x]sf 5g\ . oxfFsf k|d'v efiffx?df g]kfnL, du/ cflb x'g\ . oxfF blnt hfltx?sf] :jfoQ Onfsf u7g x'g ;Sb5 .
r_ k|fs[lts ;|f]t tyf cfly{s ;fd{Yotf M oxfF s0ff{nL, 7"nf] e]/L, ;fgf] e]/L, zf/bf, l;+hf, ltnf h:tf gbLgfnfx?, /f/f tfn, kfb'sf:yfg h:tf ko{6sLo tyf wfld{s dxTjsf :ynx? s[lif, h8Lj'6L, kz'kfng, jghËn, vfgL, j}b]lzs /f]huf/L cflb oxfFsf ;|f]t ;fwgx? x'g .
5_ ef}lts k"jf{wf/ M s0ff{nL /fhdfu{, /f/f /fli6«o lgs'~h, h'Dnf / em'k|f hn ljB't s]Gb|, jL/]Gb|gu/ cf}Bf]lus If]q, rp/em/L, b'g}, hfh/sf]6, tfN5f tyf h'Dnf ljdfg:yn, lzIf0f ;+:yf tyf :jf:Yo s]Gb|x? oxfFsf ef}lts k"jf{wf/x? x'g\ .
!%= 8f]6L –
s_ k|b]zsf] gfdfs/0f M P]ltxfFl;s vzfgleq dxfsfnL ;]tL k|;|jg If]qdf Ps ;do jlnof] 8f]6L /fHosf] cl:tTj lyof] . 8f]6L vf]nfsf] lsgf/sf] vz ;Eotf l;+hf gbL lsgf/sf] vz ;EotfeGbf s]xL leGg klg /x]sf] 5 . ToxfF jf]Ng] efiff klg l;+hf If]qdf ljsl;t efiffeGbf km/s /x]sf] 5 . klZrd ;LdfGt If]qdf cjl:yt of] If]q ljsfzsf] b[li6n] klg PsfTds s]lGb|s[t zf;gsf] j]nf lk5l8Psf] cj:yfdf lyof] . To;}n] P]ltxfFl;s vzfgleqsf] dxfsfnL ;]tL k|;|jg If]qnfO{ If]qLo pTkL8gsf] cfwf/df 8f]6L k|b]z jgfpg' pko'{Qm x'G5 .
v_ cfj4 e"efu / If]qkmn M
bfr'{nf, aemf+u, afh'/f, c5fd, 8f]6L, a}68L / 88]nw'/f lhNnfsf] ;j} e"efu
s+rgk'/sf] dx]Gb|gu/ g=kf=, emnf/L, b}hL, ;'bf, a]n8f8L, rfFbgL / 8f]9f/f uflj;x?
o; k|b]zsf] If]qkmn !%%*% ju{ lsnf]ld6/ /x]sf] 5 .
u_ k|fb]lzs s]Gb| / k|d'v zx/x? M o; k|b]zsf] k|fb]lzs s]Gb| lbkfon x'g] 5 . o; k|b]zdf 8f]6Ljhf/, l;nu9L, d+un;]g, r}gk'/, cd/u9L, bz/yrGbgu/, ;fFk]mju/ cflb k|d'v zx/x? 5g\ .
3_ s"n hg;+Vof M oxfFsf] s"n hg;+Vof !#*^@%( /x]sf] 5 .
ª_ k|d'v hflt -hft÷hghflt_ jf efiff M oxfFsf] k|d'v hflt If]qL xf], h;sf] k|ltzt %!=@& /x]sf] 5 . oxfFsf cGo hfltx?df jfx'g, sfdL, 7s'/L, ;fsL{, bdfO, ;Gof;L, du/ cflb /x]sf 5g\ . oxfFsf k|d'v efiff g]kfnL xf] . oxfF blnt hfltx?sf] :jfoQ Onfsf u7g x'g ;Sb5 .
r_ k|fs[lts ;|f]t tyf cfly{s ;fd{Yotf M oxfF Plk, ;}kfn h:tf lxdfn, dxfsfnL, ;]tL, rd]nLof, j'9Lu+uf h:tf gbLgfnfx?, z}n]Zj/, ?kfnLu9 h:tf ko{6sLo tyf wfld{s dxTjsf :ynx? s[lif, h8Lj'6L, kz'kfng, j}b]lzs /fhuf/L cflb oxfFsf ;|f]t ;fwgx? x'g\ .
5_ ef}lts k"jf{wf/ M wgu9L–lbkfon /fhdfu{, z'SnfkmfF6 jGohGt' cf/If, vKt8 /fli6«o lgs'~h, z}lIfs tyf :jf:Yo s]Gb|x?, ?kfnLu9 tyf 8f]6L hnljB't s]Gb|, dxfsfnL k|yd l;+rfO cfof]hgf, dx]Gb|gu/, lbkfon, rogk'/, sf]N6L, tyf ;fFk]mju/ ljdfg:yn cflb oxfFsf ef}lts k"jf{wf/x? x'g\ .
;+3Lo :jfoQ If]q
!= z]kf{–
s_ If]qsf] gfdfs/0f M g]kfnsf] k"jL{ lxdfnL >[+vnf s~rghËfb]lv uf}/Lz+s/;Dd lxdfnL sfvdf z]kf{ hfltsf] ;3g j;f]jf; /x]sf] 5 . e'uf]nsf] cg'kftdf sd hg;+Vof /x]sf] / ef}lts k"jf{wf/ ljsfzsf] lx;fjn] lk5l8Psf] cj:yfdf /x]sf] ePtf klg of] If]q Pp6} k|b]zsf] l;dfgfdf ge} lnDj'jfg, ls/ft / ;'gsf]zL tLgj6f k|b]z;+u l;dfgf hf]l8Psf] x'Fbf s]Gb|sf] ljlQo ;Gt'ngdf cfwfl/t z]kf{ :jfoQ If]q lgdf{0f ug'{ pko'Qm x'G5 .
v_ cfj4 e"efu / If]qkmn M
tfKn]h'ªsf] kfk'ª, cf]nfªr'ªuf]nf / n]n]k uflj;x?
;+v'jf;efsf] r]k'jf, xl6of / dsfn' uflj;x?
;f]n'v'Da'sf] v'Dh'ª, rf}/Lvs{, h'laª, yfsl;Gw', u'b]n, esfGh], tfdfvfgL, ;Nn]/L, udf{, s]?ª, uf]/fvfgL, tfKtLª, rf}nfvs{ uflj;x?
cfvn9'Ëfsf] e'l;+uf, lju'tf/, jgf}{nL, lvlhkmnft], kftn], hGt/vfgL, /+ubLk, >Lrf}/ uflj;x?
/fd]5fksf] u'Db]n uflj;sf] pQ/L e"efu
bf]nvf lhNnfsf] uf}/Lz+s/, dfa'{ / 5fv' uflj;x?
o; :jfoQ If]qsf] If]qkmn ^%#( ju{ lsnf]ld6/ /x]sf] 5 .
u_ If]qLo s]Gb| / k|d'v zx/x? M o; :jfoQ If]qsf] s]Gb| ;Nn]/L x'g] 5 . o; If]qdf cf]nfªr'ªuf]nf, lsdfyfÍf, gfDr]jhf/, ;f]n', n'Snf cflb k|d'v zx/x? 5g\ .
3_ s"n hg;+Vof M oxfFsf] s"n hg;+Vof ^(*$# /x]sf] 5 .
ª_ k|d'v hflt jf efiff M oxfFsf] k|d'v hflt z]kf{ xf] h;sf] k|ltzt #&=@* /x]sf] 5 eg] cGo hfltx?df /fO, If]qL, ef]6], jfx'g, u'?ª, lnDj' cflb /x]sf 5g\ . oxfFsf k|d'v efiffx?df z]kf{, g]kfnL, /fO, ef]6] cflb x'g\ .
r_ k|fs[lts ;|f]t tyf cfly{s ;fd{Yotf M ;u/dfyf, s~rghËf, Nxf]T;], dsfn', rf]o', hgs, pDjfs, cfdf8Jnfg, dxfnË'/, uf}/Lz+s/, cflb lxdfnx?, R5f] /fNkf tyf kflye/f h:tf ko{6sLo tyf wfld{s dxTjsf :ynx? /x]sf 5g\ . g]kfnsf * xhf/ ld6/ eGbf cUbf rf}w r'r'/fx?dWo] cfwf olx If]qdf /x]sf 5g\ . s[lif, kz'kfng, pBf]u, Joj;fo, Jofkf/, lxdfn cf/f]x0f, j}b]lzs /f]huf/L cflb oxfFsf ;|f]t ;fwgx? x'g\ .
5_ ef}lts k"jf{wf/ M s~rghËf cf/If If]q, ;u/dfyf /fli6«o lgs'~h, j]; SofDkx?, lxdfnL l/;6{x?, z}lIfs tyf :jf:Yo s]Gb|x? o; If]qdf ljsl;t ef}lts k"jf{wf/x? x'g\ .
@= r]kfË –
s_ If]qsf] gfdfs/0f M jt{dfg lrtjg, wflbË / dsjfgk'/ lhNnfsf] lqj]0fLdf r]kfª hfltsf] ;3g j;f]jf; If]q /x]sf] 5 . hg;+Vof sd ePsf] / ef}lts k"jf{wf/ ljsfzsf] lx;fjn] lk5l8Psf] cj:yfdf /x]sf] ePtf klg of] If]q Pp6} k|b]zsf] l;dfdf geO tfD;flnª / dWof~rnsf] jLrdf k/]sf] x'Fbf ;d'bfosf] klxrfgsf] cfwf/df cnu r]kfª :jfoQ If]q jgfpg' pko'Qm x'G5 . of] If]q cfly{s b[li6sf]0fn] sdhf]/ /x]sf] x'Fbf s]Gb|sf] ljlQo ;Gt'ngdf cfwfl/t :jfoQ If]qsf] ?kdf /fVg' h?/L 5 .
v_ cfj4 e"efu / If]qkmn M
lrtjg lhNnfsf] sfpn], zlQmvf]/, l;l4, sf]/fs, nf]yf/ uflj;x?
dsjfgk'/sf] sgs8f uflj; tyf v}/fË / /fS;L/fË uflj;sf r]kfË If]q .
wfl8Ësf] hf]ludf/f, 3';f, dxfb]j:yfg, / kL8f uflj;x?
o; :jfoQ If]qsf] If]qkmn ^$@ ju{ lsnf]ld6/ /x]sf] 5 .
u_ If]qLo s]Gb| / k|d'v zx/x? M o; :jfoQ If]qsf] s]Gb| zlQmvf]/ x'g] 5 . o; If]qdf cGo k|d'v zx/x? /x]sf 5}gg\ .
3_ s"n hg;+Vof M oxfFsf] s"n hg;+Vof ^^@@* /x]sf] 5 .
ª_ k|d'v hflt -hft÷hghflt_ jf efiff M oxfFsf] k|d'v hflt r]kfª xf], h;sf] k|ltzt $%=*@ /x]sf] 5 eg] cGo hfltx?df tfdfª, If]qL, jfx'g, du/, g]jf/, u'?ª, sfdL, e'h]n cflb /x]sf 5g\ . oxfFsf k|d'v efiffx?df r]kfª, g]kfnL, tfdfª, du/, g]kfnefiff cflb x'g\ .
r_ k|fs[lts ;|f]t tyf cfly{s ;fd{Yotf M k/Dk/fut r]kfª ;+:s[lt, dxfb]j:yfg h:tf ko{6sLo tyf wfld{s dxTjsf :ynx? s[lif, kz'kfng, h+un, Joj;fo, Jofkf/, cflb oxfFsf ;|f]t ;fwgx? x'g\ .
5_ ef}lts k"jf{wf/ M k[YjL /fhdfu{, lzIf0f;+:yfx?, :jf:Yo s]Gb|x? o; If]qdf ljsl;t ef}lts k"jf{wf/x? x'g\ .
#= h8fg –
s_ If]qsf] gfdfs/0f M jf¥xf} ztfJbLdf vzx?n] klZrdL kxf8L e"efudf cfkm\gf] lgoGq0f sfod ug'{eGbf cufl8 To;sf] pQ/L If]qdf hf8 hflt elgg] ef]6] -x'DnL, d'ufnL, 8f]Nkf]_, z]kf{, u'?ª, tfdfª cflb ;d'bfosf] sljnfO e"ldsf] ?kdf h8fg /fHo lyof] . v;x?n] /fHo lj:tf/sf] qmddf rf}wf}+ ztfJbL ;Dddf h8fg tyf lxdfn kf/Lsf] ltJjtsf] vf/L k|b]z klg cfkm\gf] lgoGq0fdf lnP . e'uf]nsf] cg'kftdf sd hg;+Vof /x]sf] of] If]q cToGt lk5l8Psf] cj:yfdf /x]sf] ePtf klg lxdfnL ;d'bfosf] klxrfgsf] If]q ePsf] x'Fbf s]Gb|sf] ljlQo ;Gt'ngdf cfwfl/t h8fg :jfoQ If]q lgdf{0f ug'{ pko'Qm x'G5 .
v_ cfj4 e"efu / If]qkmn M
d'u'sf] 8f]Nk', d'u', lsd/L, k'n', dfu|L uflj;x?
x'Dnfsf] ldld, >Ld:tf, vk'{gfy, y]x], lnld, d'r', vufufpF, x]Ksf, af/ufpF / l;ldsf]6 uflj;x?
8f]Nkfsf] eLh]/, ;fN8fª, ltGh], kmf]S;'G8f], wf], 5sf{, d'sf]6 uflj;x?
o; :jfoQ If]qsf] If]qkmn !@^!^ ju{ lsnf]ld6/ /x]sf] 5 .
u_ If]qLo s]Gb| / k|d'v zx/x? M o; :jfoQ If]qsf] s]Gb| l;ldsf]6 x'g] 5 . lxdfnL k|b]z ePsf] x'Fbf o; If]qdf zx/Ls/0f ePsf] 5}g . If]qkmnsf] t'ngfdf hg;+Vof sd 5 .
3_ s"n hg;+Vof M oxfFsf] s"n hg;+Vof @$!*! /x]sf] 5 .
ª_ k|d'v hflt -hft÷hghflt_ jf efiff M oxfFsf] k|d'v hflt hf8 - ef]6], z]kf{, u'?ª, tfdfª _ xf] h:sf] k|ltzt #&=*@ /x]sf] 5 eg] cGo hfltx?df If]qL, 7s'/L, du/, jfx'g cflb /x]sf 5g\ . oxfFsf k|d'v efiffx?df ef]6] / g]kfnL x'g\ .
r_ k|fs[lts ;|f]t tyf cfly{s ;fd{Yotf M gfnfsfs/, r08L, uf]/v, sflGt, uf}td h:tf lxdfnx?, x'Dnf s0ff{nL, d'u' s0ff{nL, gfDnfg h:tf gbLx?, z] kmf]S;'Gbf] tfn, j'4ljxf/ h:tf ko{6sLo tyf wfld{s dxTjsf :ynx? s[lif, kz'kfng, pBf]u, Joj;fo, Jofkf/, cflb oxfFsf ;|f]t ;fwgx? x'g\ . of] If]q ltJjtsf] dfg;/f]j/ tyf dfpG6 s}nfzsf] uGtJo:yn ;d]t /x]sf] 5 .
5_ ef}lts k"jf{wf/ M l;ldsf]6 ljdfg:yn, d'u' /fli6«o lgs'~h, ;] kmf]S;'Gbf] /fli6«o lgs'~h cflb oxfFsf ef}lts k"jf{wf/x? x'g\ .
pk/f]Qm jdf]lhd !% ;+3Lo k|b]z tyf # ;+3Lo If]qsf] ?kdf /fHosf] k'g{;+/rgf u/]kZrft ;+3Lo u0ftGq, g]kfnsf] lrq o:tf] x'g] 5 M
 |
of] ;+3Lo g]kfnsf] ;fdfGo emns dfq xf] . o;df sltko ufpFkflnsf / gu/kflnsfsf c+zx¿ ce}m ldnfpg' cfjZos 5 ._ |
pk/f]Qm adf]lhd ;+3Lo k|b]zx? / ;+3Lo If]qx? lgdf{0f u/] klg g]kfnsf ;j} ;d'bfox?nfO{ ;d]6\g ;ls++b}g . ljz]ift w]/} hg;+Vof eP/ klg b]z}el/ 5l/P/ /x]sf] tyf ;3g j;f]jf;sf] If]q gePsf] x'Fbf blnt pTkL8Lt ;d'bfonfO{ e"IfqLo ;+3Lotfn] ;d]6\g ;Sb}g . ;+3Lo Joj:yfdf To:tf] ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ lgud -u}/ ef}uf]lns_ ;+3Lotfsf] dfGotf ljsfz ePsf] 5 . o;n] b]zel/ 5l/P/ /x]]sf ;d'bfox?nfO{ ;fF:s[lts ;d'bfosf] ?kdf dfGotf k|bfg ub{5 . l;Ëf] b]znfO{ g} Pp6f If]q dfgL :jfoQtf k|bfg ug]{ ePsf]n] o;nfO{ ;fF:s[lts :jfoQtf jf lgud ;+3Lotf elgG5 . g]kfnsf blnt ;d'bfonfO{ :jfoQ k|b]z ;/xsf] clwsf/ x'g] u/L ;f+:s[lts :jfoQtfsf] ;fy ;+3/fHosf ;j} s]Gb|Lo ;+/rgfdf k|ltlglwTjsf] Joj:yf ug'{ kb{5 . ;fF:s[lts :jfoQtf ljleGg :t/sf] x'g ;Sg] ePsf]n] o;n] cfkm\gf] cun e"If]q gePsf ;j} hft÷hghfltx?nfO{ ;d]6\g ;Sb5 .
;fF:s[lts :jfoQtfsf] gLlt jfx]s ;+3Lo k|b]zx?df klg To;leq csf]{ hflt ;3g ¿kdf a;f]af; u/]sf] 5 eg] ltgLx¿n] klg Toxf+ lhNnf :t/df :jfoQtf kfpg ;Sg]5g\ . lhNnfleq klg csf]{ hflt ;3g ¿kn] a;f]af; u/]sf] 5 eg] gu/÷ufp+kflnsf :t/df :jfoQtf kfpg ;Sg]5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu td'jfgdf ysfnLx¿sf] / ls/ftdf ofSvfx¿sf] :jfoQ lhNnf u7g ug{ ;lsg]5 . o:tf] Joj:yf ef/t, rLgnufot y'k|} b]zx¿df /x]sf] 5 . ef/tsf] klZrd a+ufn k|fGtdf g]kfnLx¿sf] ;3g a;f]af; ePsf] 7fp+df uf]/vf lxn sfplG;n -lHfNnf :t/Lo_ tyf rLgsf] l;lGhofª pu'/ k|b]zdf shfvx¿sf] ;3g a;f]af; ePsf] 7fp+df Oln shfv lk|km]Sr/ -lHfNnf_ sf] u7g o;sf] pbfx/0f xf] . ef/tdf ToxfFsf] lhNnf dftxt klg ef/tLo ;+ljwfgsf] efu ( cGt{ut cg';"rLt sljnf hflt -tribe_ / blnt hflt -caste_ sf nflu k~rfotsf] k|d'v ToxL hfltsf] x'g] Joj:yf;lxt sljnf / blntsf nflu To; :yfgdf cu|flwsf/, cf/If0f tyf cGonfO{ ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTjsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . rLgdf klg lk|km]Sr/ dftxt sfpG6L -Onfsf_, l;ofª -ufp+kflnsf_ sf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . To:t} b'O{ tLgj6f hfltx¿ ;+o'Qm ¿kn] Ps};fy /lx/x]sf] 5 eg] ;+o'Qm :jfoQ k|b]z, ;+o'Qm lhNnf klg agfpg ;lsG5 . l:j6h/NofG8df hd{g, O6flnog / /f]dfG;sf] ;+o'Qm lu|;G; SofG6g tyf hd{g / k|m]Grsf] ;+o'Qm lk|mju{ / efolno; SofG6gx¿ To;sf] pbfx/0f xf] . w]/} hfltx¿ /x]sf] 7fp+x¿df jf ldl>t a:tLx¿df ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj u/fpg] Joj:yf ;a} hfltx¿nfO{ ;d]6\g] csf]{ pkfo xf] . To:t} cToGt 5l/P/ /x]sf] / cl:tTj g} nf]k x'g nfu]sf cflbjf;L hghfltx¿nfO{ lslu{:tfg / shfv:tfgx¿df lkm/Gt] ;f]leot -nomadic soviet_ agfP/ a;f]af;sf] ljz]if Joj:yf u/]h:t} xfd|f] b]zdf /fp6], s';'G8f, d'G8f, xfo', xf]n'ª cflbsf] ;+/lIft If]qsf] ?kdf ufpFkflnsf l;h{gf ug{ ;lsG5 . rLgdf x]u], Dofcf] cflb hfltsf] nflu To:t} Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] . pk/f]Qm pkfox¿af6 klg g;d]l6Psf hfltx¿ 5g\ eg] ltgLx¿nfO{ ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3x¿af6 3f]lift cNk;+Vossf] clwsf/ lbP/, cf/If0fsf] Joj:yf u/]/ jf ;sf/fTds lje]bsf gLltx¿ dfkm{t ;Djf]wg ug{ ;lsG5 . o:tf] Joj:yfn] hfltx¿ ;+Vofdf 7"nf jf ;fgf, ljsl;t jf cljsl;th:tf] l:yltdf eP klg /fHon] ;dfg Jojxf/ u/]sf] 5 eGg] efjgf km}nG5 / b]zsf] /fli6«o Pstf alnof] x'G5 . oL ljljw pkfox¿ cjnDag u/L xfdLn] g]kfnsf] ljlzi6 l:yltdf ;+3Lo u0ftGqsf] cfˆgf]] df}lns 9fFrf ljsf; ug'{kb{5 .
