[The spiritual leader has mused that he may return as a
woman. But his succession has turned into a political battle]
By
Hannah Ellis-Petersen
It was a meeting that would end
with the Tibetan leaders agreeing that the issue of reincarnation was one that
would be decided only by the Dalai Lama himself. But China, which
annexed Tibet in 1951 and has retained tight control over the region
ever since, has other ideas. It insists that the choice of the next Dalai Lama
lies only with China, and have even enshrined this right into Chinese law.
The Dalai Lama, who recently
turned 86, has insisted that discussions of his death are premature (according
to his own visions, he will live to 113). But a power struggle for who will
choose his reincarnation after he dies has already begun.
“We are looking at the highly
likely situation that when the 14th Dalai Lama dies, there will be two Dalai
Lamas named in his place,” said Robert Barnett, a Tibetan expert. “One selected
on the basis of instructions left behind by His Holiness the Dalai Lama and one
chosen by the Chinese Communist party.”
Yet China is not the only country
now keeping a watchful eye on the Dalai Lama’s succession. Since 1959, the
Dalai Lama has lived in exile in Dharamshala, nestled in the Himalayas, and
Tibet has remained a sensitive factor in India’s relationship with China, with
whom it shares a 2,000-mile border. India has control over
the Dalai Lama’s movements, both within India and abroad.
But as relations with China have deteriorated
to historic lows over the past year due to deadly border aggression, there has
been increased pressure on the Indian government to strengthen its Tibet policy
in order to counter China, including declaring that only the Dalai Lama can
choose his successor. Last month, in what was described as a “significant
departure” from previous policy, Indian prime minister Narendra Modi wished the
Dalai Lama happy birthday on Twitter and, according to the president of the
Tibetan parliament-in-exile, a meeting is planned between the two this year.
The controversies over the Dalai
Lama’s successor are likely to have a direct impact on India; one possible
scenario put forward by the Dalai Lama himself is that he could be reincarnated
in a “free country”, likely to be India rather than Tibet.
Last week, it emerged that several
members of the Dalai Lama’s inner circle, as well as senior figures in the
Tibetan Central Administration, which operates out of Dharamshala, were among
those selected as potential targets for surveillance with Pegasus spyware made
by NSO group. Analysis suggests it was the Indian government selecting the
potential surveillance targets. The Indian government denies any surveillance.
India is not alone in seeing the
Dalai Lama’s succession as a matter of geopolitical importance. Last year, in a
direct shot at China, the US revised its Tibet policy to declare that only
Tibetans had the right to select the next Dalai Lama.
According to teachings, each Dalai
Lama is a reincarnation of the Avalokiteśvara, who embodies the compassion of
all Buddhas. He is both the foremost spiritual leader of the Gelug school of
Tibetan Buddhism and
in many times past and present also a political leader of the Tibetans.
Traditionally, after he dies, a
search begins in Tibet to find his reincarnation, based on signs such as where
he was looking when died, which direction the smoke blows when he is cremated
and visions interpreted from Lhamo La-tso, an oracle lake in Tibet. Based on
these visions, search parties are sent out to find children born around the
date of his death who match these visions and are then put through a series of
tests, until the right one is divined. While most Dalai Lamas have been found
in Tibet, one was born in Mongolia and another in an area that is now India.
But with Tibet under the control of
China, this process which led to the discovery of two-year-old Lhamo Dhondup –
now known as Tenzin Gyatso, the 14th Dalai Lama – in a small farming village in
north-eastern Tibet in February 1940, is unlikely to be repeated. It is now
enshrined in law that the Chinese government must approve all reincarnations of
senior Buddhist Lamas (teachers), including the Dalai Lama, a position that was
strongly reiterated in a Tibet white paper released by China in May this year,
on the 70th anniversary of its annexation of Tibet.
This has been rejected by the Dalai
Lama and the Tibetan parliament in exile, which sits in Dharamshala. Penpa
Tsering is the president of the parliament-in-exile, and works closely with the
Dalai Lama. He said: “A non-believer, atheist government like China interfering
in Tibetan spiritual matters is a complete no-no, it cannot be accepted. The
world has turned against China. We firmly believe no one will trust their
choice.”
The Dalai Lama has also expressed
concern that his reincarnation will be hijacked and politicised in “brazen
meddling” by the Chinese, and has publicly contemplated being reincarnated
as a woman or not at all.
The Dalai Lama has put forward
three options for his reincarnation, all a departure from the past. The first
is that he will be reincarnated in the traditional form, reborn as a child, but
outside Tibet. The other options invoked even more niche Buddhist ideas of
“emanation” and opened up the possibility of the Dalai Lama appointing a living
successor before he dies. He has rejected the legitimacy of the Chinese
government’s proposed method of finding his reincarnation, which involves a
name being pulled from a “golden urn”.
While the Dalai Lama was once
spiritual leader only to Tibetans, he now has a huge following and has become
something of a global celebrity. Attempts by China to interfere in his
reincarnation would be likely to spark a global backlash.
For the Tibetan leadership, the
issue is not seen as pressing; aside from a brief cancer scare, the Dalai Lama
is reported to be in good health and has himself said he will begin making a
decision about his reincarnation options after he turns 90.
“His Holiness the Dalai Lama has
said many times in jest that if the Chinese are really concerned about the
issue of reincarnation, they should look for Mao Zedong’s reincarnation first,
Deng Xiaoping’s second [both deceased Chinese communist leaders], and then
maybe the Dalai Lama,” said Tsering.
While officially there has been no
communication between the Chinese and the Tibetans since 2010, Tsering
confirmed that the back channels between the two sides remained active, and
that the Tibetan leadership and the Dalai Lama were now pushing for the Dalai
Lama to finally be allowed to visit Tibet and China for the first time since he
escaped.
But Tsering emphasised that the
issue of the next Dalai Lama was not up for negotiation with the Chinese
government. “Reincarnation is a decision that has to be made by the person
who’s going to be reincarnated. So we would advise the Chinese leadership to
learn Buddhism first,” he said.
However, the Chinese government is
already preparing the groundwork for selection of the next Dalai Lama.
According to Barnett, the Chinese Communist party in January secretly assembled
25 senior government figures into a committee to begin preparing for the
selection process. “We also know from personal accounts that the Chinese have spent
the last 10 years winning over individual Lamas inside Tibet, offering them
free trips to China and telling them that if they support Beijing they won’t be
persecuted, so that when the time comes these Lamas will support the Chinese
choice for the Dalai Lama,” said Barnett. “It’s proving very effective.”
The preparations appear to be a
Chinese attemp tto avoid repeating the chaotic events of 1995, when, without
consulting the Chinese government, the Dalai Lama declared that a six-year-old
boy, Gedhun Choekyi Nyima, was the next reincarnated Panchen Lama, the second
most important figure in Tibetan Buddhism. Three days later, Nyima disappeared and has not
been seen since. The Panchen Lama that the Chinese government then
appointed in his place remains rejected by most Tibetans.
The Chinese government’s apparent
determination to select and control the next Dalai Lama is also seen as a
response to the enduring popularity of the current spiritual leader, which has
undermined their control of Tibet. Despite extensive “re-education” and
propaganda programmes and the banning of any image of the Dalai Lama inside
Tibet, he is still secretly revered by many Tibetans.
The Chinese government has
repeatedly accused the Dalai Lama of “separatist” activities and held him
responsible for the self-immolations that Tibetans still carry out in protest,
and Tibetan uprisings such as those in 2008.“The fact that the Chinese
government wants a reincarnation of their choice shows they consider the
institution important enough that it needs to be owned and manipulated in order
to finally settle to Tibet issue,” said Amitabh Mathur, a former adviser to the
Indian government on Tibetan affairs. “This is largely due to the exceptional
personality of the 14th Dalai Lama and the hold he still has over Tibetans.
Hence the desperation to have their own Dalai Lama.”
