[India’s women were already dropping out of the labor force. Coronavirus restrictions — and one of the worst economic slumps in decades — threaten even more losses for them.]
By Kai Schultz and Suhasini Raj
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Migrant workers walking along a highway in May, as they tried to make their way
back to their villages during India’s lockdown. Credit Atul Loke for
The New York Times
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NEW DELHI — Over and over, Seema Munda kept refusing her parents’ pleas to get married. She wanted to be a nurse, not a housewife — and why was employment all right for her brother but not her?
So last summer, Ms. Munda lied about where she was going and slipped out of her conservative village in northern India. She traveled 1,000 miles south, to the city of Bengaluru, where she found work stitching shirts at a factory.
“This job liberated me,” she said.
But when the coronavirus pandemic hit, Ms. Munda’s life of independence shattered. In March, India instituted one of the strictest lockdowns in the world. In April, more than 120 million Indians lost their jobs, including Ms. Munda, 21.
As the world takes stock of staggering losses from the coronavirus, economists predict especially dire setbacks for women in the work force. The United Nations warned in a recent report that the pandemic has not only exacerbated inequalities between the sexes, but threatened to undo decades of gains in the workplace.
The International Labour Organization found that 41 percent of women were employed in sectors at high risk for job or working-hour losses from the pandemic, compared with 35 percent of men.
The global slowdown could have especially stark consequences in developing economies, where around 70 percent of working women are employed in the informal economy with few protections.
After Ebola quarantine measures were lifted in West Africa, for instance, women were slower than men to recover their livelihoods and had a harder time securing loans to rebuild businesses.
In India, a nation of 1.3 billion, the coronavirus lockdown, which was imposed in late March, has only added to the setbacks for women, who were already being shaken out of the work force in greater numbers in recent years.
One national employment study conducted in May found that a higher proportion of women reported losing their jobs than men. Among Indians who remained employed, women were more likely to report anxiety about their futures.
Out of the economic wreckage, arranged marriages may also increase, experts say, with families seeing these unions as a way to secure their daughters’ futures. Since the lockdown went into effect, India’s leading matrimony websites have reported 30 percent surges in new registrations.
In India, marriage does not necessarily translate into a loss of employment. But it often constrains women’s autonomy, making it difficult for them to leave secluded villages where policing of their choices is common, patriarchal values are ironclad and job opportunities are scarce.
Rohini Pande, an economics professor at Yale who researches women’s employment patterns in India, said female migrant workers could face steep challenges recovering work. Many women struggle to persuade their parents to let them defer marriage and leave their villages for jobs.
“The pipeline was already extremely leaky,” said Ms. Pande, who directs the Economic Growth Center at Yale. “It’s just going to get leakier.”
Employment figures for India’s women have been a cause of concern for years.
From 2005 to 2018, female labor participation in India declined to 21 percent from about 32 percent, one of the lowest rates in the world. The rate for men also fell — India is experiencing a youth boom and has not been able to create enough new jobs to keep up — but not nearly as far as for women.
Economists have offered several explanations for the slide, including a cultural one: As India’s economy expanded, families that could afford to keep women at home did so, thinking it afforded them a degree of social status.
Domestic duties cut into the time women can search for jobs. In India, women perform 9.6 times more unpaid care work than men, about three times the global average. The pandemic has increased that burden for many women, according to the International Labour Organization.
Swarna Rajagopalan, a political scientist and founder of Prajnya Trust, an organization focusing on gender equality in India, said job scarcity could make it harder for women to enter or re-enter the work force — at least in the short term.
India’s economy may contract by five percent this year, according to some estimates, representing perhaps the worst slump since the country became independent from the British.
“I really worry about this,” Ms. Rajagopalan said. “We still think of men as being the primary breadwinners of our families, and if we have to make choices about letting people go, women will lose their jobs. It doesn’t matter how desperately they need them, or how hard they work.”
Many of the hardest-hit industries have been those with a high proportion of female workers, including hospitality and manufacturing, where women are often employed without contracts, making it easier to let them go.
Although India recently lifted most of its lockdown measures in an effort to ease pressure on the economy, many women fear that even a limited degree of economic freedom will be difficult to regain.
Seema Munda said she had found “the key to unlocking my dreams” when she moved to Bengaluru last July to work at Pearl Global, a garment factory that employs women from poorer states like Odisha and Jharkhand, where she is from.
Her parents were initially furious when they realized she had left their village, Laujoda, for a city at the other end of India. Ms. Munda calmed them down when she offered to send some of her earnings home.
“I said, ‘Whenever I ask you for money for my studies, you always turn me down,’” she recalled. “‘So if you let me go and work, not only will I have money for myself but also to spare for you.’”
Ms. Munda started fresh. She moved into a hostel with dozens of other young women from the factory. They slept on straw mats on the ground.
When Ms. Munda received her first paycheck, about $112, she went to a clothing store with a handful of crisp notes.
“I bought my favorite dress,” she said. “It was exhilarating.”
But when India went under lockdown, the factory closed and the women found themselves in a precarious situation. Around the country, businesses shut down. Trains and buses suspended their services, stranding millions of migrant workers in cities.
Within a few weeks, Ms. Munda said Pearl Global stopped paying her. She was forced to leave the hostel and take shelter in a school.
By the end of May, as India’s travel restrictions eased further, Ms. Munda made a wrenching decision and joined others in boarding trains home. With little money left, she said she had no other choice but to return to Jharkhand.
“My family will never let me come back now,” she said by telephone. “I don’t want to get married.”
Ms. Munda stopped answering calls from a reporter. Friends from Bengaluru were also unable to reach her. They worried that her parents had taken her phone.
One factory worker who traveled with Ms. Munda said she hid her face with a stole and sobbed during the three-day trip to Jharkhand.
Hemant Kumar, the chairman of Ashankura Trust, a nongovernmental organization that helps migrant workers in Bengaluru, said only a few women had picked up his calls after reaching their villages.
Some told him that their families had forbidden them from venturing back out for jobs.
In one of her last conversations with a reporter, Ms. Munda expressed anger that “parents value sons more than daughters.” She said returning home could mean “the end of my economic activity and hence my life.”
“I dread to think of that possibility,” she said. “Our future is in darkness.”
Surabhi Singh contributed reporting from Raipur, India.
