[The Indian government has a new action plan in place: It just shuttered the last coal-fired power plant in Delhi and recently banned the use of certain industrial fuels within the city. On days when the pollution soars, other measures will kick in, such as a halt to all construction activities and a ban on trucks entering Delhi.]
By
Joanna Slater
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An Indian farm laborer
burns stubble in a field on the outskirts of Jalandhar,
in Punjab state, in
November 2016. (Shammi Mehra/AFP/Getty Images)
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MADAN
HERI, India — All it takes
is a match.
One by one, in the coming days, farmers in
this compact village in northern India will set fire to the straw in their
freshly harvested rice fields. Pungent gray smoke will rise into the air. Then
it will drift southeast toward New Delhi, thickening the smog that has turned
India’s capital into the most polluted major city in the world.
Just weeks remain before the 29 million
people living in greater Delhi are plunged into their annual battle with
extreme air pollution. Each November the past two years, the level of particle
pollution considered most harmful to human health has spiked to more than 30
times the limit prescribed by the World Health Organization. The air in the
city remains hazy and dirty throughout the winter.
The Indian government has a new action plan
in place: It just shuttered the last coal-fired power plant in Delhi and
recently banned the use of certain industrial fuels within the city. On days
when the pollution soars, other measures will kick in, such as a halt to all
construction activities and a ban on trucks entering Delhi.
But turning the tide in the fight against
pollution will depend on efforts such as the one now underway in the state of
Punjab, the powerhouse of Indian agriculture. There, the authorities are
engaged in a race to persuade farmers not to torch their fields, urging them to
shun a tactic that is cheap and efficient in readying the area for the next
crop but that is also a key source of pollution.
The smog that blankets northern India each
winter is a toxic mix of car exhaust, construction dust and industrial
emissions that settles over the region as wind speeds and temperatures drop.
What makes it unusual is the addition of smoke from thousands of fires as
farmers hurry to switch their fields from fully grown rice to newly planted
wheat in the span of a month.
“The uniqueness of the smog season is
precisely because crops are being burned at an unheard-of scale anywhere else
in the world,” said Siddharth Singh, author of the forthcoming book “The Great
Smog of India.”
According to a government-sponsored study,
stubble burning contributed up to 26 percent of the most harmful particulate
matter to Delhi’s winter pollution from 2013 to 2014; another found it
contributed as much as 50 percent on certain days during the burning season.
Such particulate matter — referred to as PM2.5 — is 30 times as thin as a human
hair and can penetrate deep within the lungs.
The task of dissuading the farmers from
burning is a microcosm of India’s broader pollution challenge. Unlike China’s
authoritarian regime, which has made strides in recent years in stemming air
pollution, India must operate within the constraints of a democratic system.
Reducing the sources of pollution in India involves confronting entrenched
interests, overcoming political rivalries and motivating people to change their
behavior.
China has been able to “maintain the scale
and momentum of action,” said Anumita Roy Chowdhury, an executive director at
the Center for Science and Environment in Delhi. “In India, you have to make
democracy work for clean air.”
That’s especially true in the case of crop burning.
Farmers are a powerful constituency in Punjab and in other straw-burning states
such as Haryana, and there are roughly 2 million farmers in Punjab alone. “The
number of farmers is so large that we cannot take very harsh measures,” said
Kahan Singh Pannu, agriculture secretary in Punjab.
A senior bureaucrat known for his tough
approach to polluters, Pannu is leading the anti-burning efforts in Punjab. He
has mostly carrots, not sticks, at his disposal. For the first time this year,
India’s central government earmarked money to help farmers buy machinery that
turns the straw into mulch. It has also contributed to a large-scale awareness
campaign, complete with songs on social media, television advertisements and
village-by-village meetings — all urging farmers not to burn.
Gurdial Kumar is one of the foot soldiers in
the statewide effort. A 48-year-old employee of the Punjab agriculture department,
he and his colleagues began visiting each of the 182 villages in their
territory last month. On a recent afternoon, they arrived in Madan Heri, a
village of 2,500 people west of Chandigarh, where about 20 farmers had gathered
in the shade of a giant banyan tree.
Kumar and his three colleagues put up posters
illustrating the impact of air pollution, including images of diseased lungs
and small children wheezing. They talked about the virtues of the new
subsidized machines, including one called the “Happy Seeder.” They appealed to
religious precepts; most of the farmers practice Sikhism, whose sacred text
emphasizes the holiness of nature.
The farmers listened politely but without
enthusiasm. Then they launched into questions: How about simply paying farmers
a fee per acre not to burn their fields? Why was the government asking small
farmers, already financially strapped, to scrape together cash for new
machines? If they invested in the machines — which cost about $2,000 each —
when would the government pay the subsidy, equivalent to half of the cost?
Gurtej Singh, 42, said he had farmed — and
burned — these fields for more than two decades. He agreed that setting fires
is bad for the environment but said that dealing with the straw using other
methods is more expensive and time-consuming. “Small farmers can’t do it,” he said.
He rejected the blame for Delhi’s pollution,
a common theme among farmers in the area. Pollution in the capital “is because
of vehicles and industry, not because of us,” he said. Farmers did not suffer
any ill effects from the crop burning, he asserted. Pollution-related health
issues are “a problem of weak people in cities.”
Farmers in nearby villages echoed those
sentiments. “Burning is the best solution,” said Darshan Singh, 43, as
green-tipped rice swayed in the fields behind him. “Whatever machine you use,
you have to pay more.”
But the government’s campaign was having an
impact. Darshan Singh was cagey when asked whether he would burn his crop
stubble this season. “Whatever other people do, I will also do,” Singh said.
Crop burning is technically banned. If farmers are caught setting fire to their
fields, they face fines ranging from $35 to $140. In rare instances, some have
also faced criminal charges.
“It’s not that these are poor, illiterate,
information-starved people who are doing a bad thing and if only we educate
them, they’ll do the right thing,” said Aseem Prakash, director of the Center
for Environmental Politics at the University of Washington. “If people are
really serious about tackling [the problem], they have to come up with an
economically viable solution.”
The trend is moving in the right direction.
According to the Punjab government, there were 81,000 fires after the rice
harvest in 2016, then the figure dropped to 44,000 in 2017. Through Friday,
there had been 509 fires this year — but the crucial period for burning will
come later this month.
Jagdeep Singh, 38, a farmer in Simbal Majra
who cultivates 65 acres, just bought a Happy Seeder machine and plans to use it
for the first time this month. The machine cuts the rice straw, spreads it as
mulch and sows wheat seeds. He, too, was closely watching the actions of the
state authorities to gauge the seriousness of their campaign against crop
burning.
“It seems there will be less fires this
year,” he said. “But if the government gives a little relaxation” — he flicked
his fingers upward in a flame-like motion — “it will all be done in one day.”
