[Such lectures by instructors like Ms. Asif
are part of a growing religious ecosystem for women in Pakistan that eschews
politics and traditional clerics in favor of female preachers and an
Islamic-themed consumer lifestyle. This new culture has attracted a diverse mix
of homemakers and socialites, bankers and doctors, who incorporate religion
into their lives, but also into their lifestyles, buying everything from
sequined abayas to custom prayer mats.]
By Saba Imtiaz
 |
|
Women
looking for wedding clothes in Karachi, Pakistan. Karachi’s upscale
neighborhoods have
experienced a boom of Islam-themed businesses for
women.Credit
Sara Farid for The New York Times
|
KARACHI,
Pakistan — It was a weekday
afternoon in an upscale neighborhood of Karachi, but the hall was packed for
the lecture on Islam and marriage.
Laughter burst forth as the speaker asked how
husbands change over the years.
They’re terrible listeners, one woman said.
Inattentive, offered another. Other women, apparently without husbands, offered
more charitable attributes: They’re rational, and able to take risks.
“I was expecting the unmarried lot would have
more unrealistic expectations for men,” the speaker said to more laughter.
Most religious events in Karachi are
dominated by men and addressed by older, often-virulent clerics, but the
participants at this recent lecture were all women. Drawn largely from the
city’s affluent neighborhoods, they sat in rapt attention, dressed in bright
patterned tunics, listening to the lecturer, Sara Asif, instruct them on
Islamic strictures.
Ms. Asif talked about the strengths of women,
and how a man’s life — and home — would be joyless without a wife. “Allah has
given us beauty,” she said. “All of us are beautiful.”
Such lectures by instructors like Ms. Asif
are part of a growing religious ecosystem for women in Pakistan that eschews
politics and traditional clerics in favor of female preachers and an
Islamic-themed consumer lifestyle. This new culture has attracted a diverse mix
of homemakers and socialites, bankers and doctors, who incorporate religion
into their lives, but also into their lifestyles, buying everything from
sequined abayas to custom prayer mats.
The well-heeled in Karachi have been turning
to Islam since the 1990s, when a female preacher called Farhat Hashmi began
preaching the faith at the palatial homes that are a feature of Karachi’s
wealthy neighborhoods.
Soon after, women in those communities could
be seen wearing burqas and attending Quran classes with the zeal of the newly
converted. Ms. Hashmi also set up a controversial Islamic education network
known as Al-Huda, which gained notoriety when it was revealed that former
students included Tashfeen Malik, one half of the couple that killed 14 people
in San Bernardino, Calif., in 2015.
Ms. Hashmi’s success helped spawn a string of
religious businesses by people inspired by her, encompassing everything from
educational institutions to burqa boutiques.
But in recent years, a new generation of women
— like her former student Huma Najmul Hassan, whose Al-Ilm Institute is a
popular fixture on Karachi’s religious circuit — has helped take things to a
new level. The number of women attending their classes is inspiring the growth
of even more Islam-themed businesses for women.
The commercial boom can be seen on the street
across from the Baitussalam Mosque in the upmarket Defence area, which has
turned into a veritable religious shopping strip. Islamic bookstores selling
titles like “300 Questions for Husbands and Wives” are sandwiched between
boutiques stocking $35 abayas with embossed palm tree borders, and banks
offering Shariah-based services.
At Habitt, a home décor store in the Dolmen
Mall on Karachi’s seafront, $4 sandalwood prayer beads are displayed against an
invocation to prayer in stylized English script. Online, there are artisanal
Islamic brands like Little Ummati, which sells customized $20 prayer mats.
Mahjabeen Umar, a Pakistani graphic designer
who lives in Sharjah, United Arab Emirates, said Little Ummati had been born
out of her desire to make religious practices appealing for her children. Since
other products and books for children are colorful and well made, she asked,
“why should an Islamic product not be well designed?”
There has also been a boom in services.
One woman runs a “Shariah-compliant” aerobics
class out of a residence in the Defence neighborhood. On a recent Friday
afternoon, a dozen teenage girls in skinny jeans took notes as a woman
demonstrated how to make skin cream at a Muslim youth club meeting. In January,
a group associated with the Baitussalam Mosque organized a workshop on halal
food. Over a hundred abaya-clad women gathered to hear about Muhammad’s
favorite foods and the risks of diets.
In Karachi’s affluent neighborhoods, women
meet at Quran classes and at private talks by female preachers, in residences
and institutes watched over by guards. They gather for religious conferences in
five-star hotels. Institutes offer a range of Islamic courses in English and
Urdu: on understanding the Quran, Arabic pronunciations and Islamic practices
through presentations like “My WhatsApp to Allah.”
Islamic events — from prayer meetings to
conferences — have long been a mainstay of life in Pakistan. Islam is
constitutionally and culturally enshrined here and taught at school; Muslims
make up 96 percent of the population.
But Islam has historically been perceived as
the domain of the poor, and mainstream religious-political groups that
constitute clerics’ and conservatives’ support consider themselves authorities
on faith, and promise to make Pakistan a Shariah-law-abiding state.
In recent years, however, the country’s elite
have tried to seize that mantle, convinced that they are better placed as the
guardians of Islam because of their education, experiences and resources.
That view is echoed by Humaira Iqbal, a
doctor who is a former student of the female lecturer Safiya Khan.
“Our elite didn’t have any religion, and so
religion was literally preserved by the clerics,” she said. “They led funerals
and prayers, and taught kids to read the Quran. But unfortunately, because they
were illiterate, they could not understand Islam like an educated person.”
Dr. Iqbal, 34, runs a workshop called Lustre
that teaches women to embrace their sexuality within marriage using Islamic
dictates and anecdotes from religious teachings.
“The concept of this workshop is that people
realize that as far as religion is concerned, it is really, really encouraged,”
she said, referring to sex, albeit in heterosexual and marital relationships.
She laughingly described herself as a “hijabi
pervert,” referring to the Islamic headdress worn by women outside the home.
She said she had become a guru of sorts to people with questions about sex,
Islam and marriage — like whether anal sex is acceptable. (It isn’t, she said.)
Much of the discussion at women’s lectures
revolves around relationships, families and the demands of urban life.
Women from affluent communities who discover
Islam anew and opt to wear the hijab or adopt religious practices risk social
ostracism and criticism — particularly from their families, friends and
husbands — who are often aghast at a loved one’s transformation into a
black-robed, devout person who will not attend parties that feature singing and
dancing.
Many of these women say Islam has given them
a sense of purpose and direction that had been missing from their lives.
Kulsoom Umar, who studied at the London
School of Economics and consulted on development projects in Pakistan, lectures
at Al-Ilm. She walked into her first Quran class in a sheer shirt, and now
wears a cloak and covers her face and hair.
“I was always a fiercely independent person,
but the thing that Islam and God gave me was emancipation,” she said.
This conservative — and independent — strain
of elite women does not necessarily fit a stereotype of submissive religious
women.
“The ‘empowerment’ that so many Al-Huda women
speak about doesn’t make much sense from a liberal feminist perspective,
especially to those who can’t come to terms with these women’s full
face-and-body covering,” said Faiza Mushtaq, a sociologist at Karachi’s
Institute of Business Administration who wrote her doctoral dissertation on
Al-Huda.
“Yet in many ways, Al-Huda has given these
women access to new forms of community and new positions of authority,” she
said, like studying the Quran collectively without the need for men and
becoming leaders and organizers.
Saba Imtiaz reported from Pakistan with a
fellowship from the International Reporting Project. http://internationalreportingproject.org
