[China has been looking for ways to exert its growing economic
strength and to demonstrate that its technological mastery and scientific
achievements can approach those of any global power. The plan announced
Thursday calls for launching a space lab and collecting samples from the moon,
all by 2016, along with a more powerful manned spaceship and space freighters. ( Image : Google)]
By Edward Wong And Kenneth Chang
Coupled
with China ’s earlier vows to build a space station and put an
astronaut on the moon, the plan conjured up memories of the
cold-war-era space race between the United States and the Soviet
Union . The United States , which has de-emphasized manned spaceflight in recent
years, is now dependent on Russia for transporting its astronauts to the International Space
Station. Russia , for its part, has suffered an embarrassing string of
failed satellite launchings.
In recent
years, China has also sought to build a military capacity in keeping with its economic might,
expanding its submarine fleet and, this year, testing its first aircraft carrier, a
refurbished Soviet model. Under the new space plan, it would vastly expand its
version of a Global Positioning System, which would have military as well as
civilian uses.
The plan
shows how the government intends to draw on military and civilian resources to
meet the goals, which the government is betting will also produce benefits for
the Chinese economy. “This approach offers lessons for other advanced space
powers, including the U.S. , which needs to make sure it sustains its high-level
investment in various aspects of space development across the board,” said
Andrew S. Erickson, a professor at the United States Naval War College who has studied the Chinese space program.
While a
leader in the business of launching satellites, China is still years behind the United States in space. Its human spaceflight accomplishments to date
put it roughly where the United States and the Soviet
Union were in the mid-1960s.
But China has consistently stuck to a development timeline for its
program and met the realistic goals set out in its five-year plans, which are
mainstays of the Communist Party’s authoritarian system.
For human
spaceflight, the plan lays out a continuation of China ’s steady but unrushed efforts to develop technologies and
extend its capacities. It says that China will begin the work to land its astronauts on the moon,
but it does not provide a target date for when they will go.
“I think
it is a comprehensive, moderately paced program,” said John M. Logsdon, former
director of the Space Policy Institute at George Washington
University . “It’s not a crash program.”
By
contrast, NASA’s direction tends to shift with every change of presidency.
President George W. Bush called on NASA to return to the moon by 2020.
President Obama canceled that program and now wants the agency to send
astronauts to an asteroid. NASA shut down its 30-year space shuttle program after a final flight in July.
“The one
thing that is admirable about their program is they don’t have fits and
starts,” said Joseph R. Fragola, a space safety expert who has visited the
space facilities in China . “Their program is low budget but it is laid out, and they
follow it in an orderly process, and we don’t do that.”
Experts
say Beijing is approaching its space program the way it did its
military modernization. In addition to the aircraft carrier, which it bought
from Ukraine , China has also made a progress on an anti-ship ballistic
missile, which could be deployed to ward off foreign warships. Last January,
the Chinese military tested a stealth fighter hours before Robert M. Gates, the
defense secretary at the time, met in Beijing with President Hu Jintao.
Unlike in
the United
States ,
where there are separate military and civilian space programs, in China the People’s Liberation Army is the driving force behind
development of the Chinese space program. Civilian institutions, including
various universities and laboratories, are part of the military-led efforts. In
the white paper that laid out the plan, released by the State Council, China ’s cabinet, the authors took pains to say that Beijing was not seeking to challenge any nation militarily with
its space program.
“China always adheres to the use of outer space for peaceful
purposes, and opposes weaponization or any arms race in outer space,” the paper
said.
Analysts
say one of the more notable goals of the five-year strategy is to further
develop the Beidou Navigation Satellite System, which on Tuesday began
providing navigation, positioning and timing data on China and surrounding areas. The white paper said China intended to have a global system by 2020, with 35
satellites in orbit. If it met that goal, China would join Russia in having a system that tries to rival America ’s. China has already launched 10 satellites for the Beidou system,
and plans to launch six more next year.
Beidou is
not as advanced as its American counterpart, but it is expected to overshadow
the Russian system and would provide the Chinese military with an alternative
to relying on a civilian version of the American network. Beidou would also be
used for civilian purposes, like providing drivers with a navigation tool.
“This has
major commercial implications, it has major security implications,” Mr.
Erickson said. “To be a great military and space power, it’s important to have
one’s own satellite navigation system.”
The white
paper, which follows similar reports released in 2000 and 2006, also said China
would develop new Long March launch vehicles to deliver heavier payloads into
orbit. It will also work on improving conditions for human spaceflight.
To lay
that groundwork, the paper said, China “will launch space laboratories, manned spaceship and
space freighters; make breakthroughs in and master space station key
technologies, including astronauts’ medium-term stay, regenerative life support
and propellant refueling; conduct space applications to a certain extent and
make technological preparations for the construction of space stations.”
On
deep-space exploration, the paper said China planned to launch orbiters that would make soft lunar
landings and do roving and surveying. After that, the paper said, China will collect samples of the moon’s surface and bring them
back for analysis.
The paper
also said China planned to carry out a comprehensive plan for upgrading
its satellite technology and widening the uses of its satellites.
“In
aggregate, this is clearly going to propel China even further into space to a significant degree,” Mr.
Erickson said. “There’s relentless progress across the board.”
In 2003, China became the third country to send a human into space,
behind the United
States and
the Soviet Union , when it put Yang Liwei into orbit around the earth. It
launched a lunar probe in 2007 that orbited the moon and took pictures, and the
next year completed its first spacewalk when Zhai Zhigang remained for 13
minutes outside the Shenzhou 7 spacecraft.