[Several countries are now on track
to surpass the United States in fully vaccinating their populations, lifting
hopes of a more permanent return to normality.]
By Sui-Lee Wee, Damien Cave and Ben Dooley
The turnabout is as much a
testament to the region’s success in securing
supplies and working out the kinks in their programs as it is to vaccine
hesitancy and political
opposition in the United States.
South Korea, Japan and Malaysia
have even pulled ahead of the United States in the number of
vaccine doses administered per 100 people — a
pace that seemed unthinkable in the spring. Several have surpassed the
United States in fully vaccinating their populations or are on track to do so,
limiting the perniciousness of the Delta variant of the coronavirus.
In South Korea, the authorities
said vaccines had helped keep most people out of the hospital. About 0.6
percent of fully vaccinated people who contracted Covid had severe illness and
about 0.1 percent died, according to data collected by the Korea Disease
Control and Prevention Agency from May to August.
In Japan, serious cases have fallen
by half over the last month, to a little over 1,000 a day. Hospitalizations
have plummeted from a high of just over 230,000 in late August to around 31,000
on Tuesday.
“It’s almost like the tortoise and
the hare,” said Jerome Kim, director general of the International Vaccine
Institute, a nonprofit organization based in Seoul and focused on vaccine
research for the developing world. “Asia was always going to use vaccines when
they became available.”
Risks remain for the region. Most
of the countries do not manufacture their own vaccines and could face supply
problems if their governments approve boosters.
In Southeast Asia, the rollout has
been slow and uneven, dragging down economic prospects there. The Asian
Development Bank recently lowered its 2021 growth outlook for developing Asia
to 7.1 percent from 7.3 percent, in part over vaccination issues.
But for much of the region, the
shift has been striking, success that is rooted in its different worldviews and
governance structures.
In a contrast with the United
States, vaccines were never a polarizing
issue in Asia-Pacific.
Although each country has had to
contend with its own anti-vaccine movements, they have been relatively small.
They have never benefited from an ecosystem —
sympathetic media, advocacy groups and politicians —
that has allowed misinformation to influence the populace.
Overall, most Asians have trusted
their governments to do the right thing, and they were willing to put the needs
of the community over their individual freedoms.
Reuben
Ng, an assistant professor at the National University of Singapore’s Lee
Kuan Yew School of Public Policy who has studied vaccine hesitancy globally for
the past decade, said that pre-Covid, the discussion around immunization had
always been mixed in Asia because of some skepticism about the safety.
But Mr. Ng and his team, who have
been analyzing media reports, have found that the region now holds mostly
positive views on vaccines.
There is widespread belief in Asia
that vaccines are the only way out of the pandemic. This month, when a
vaccination center in Tokyo offered 200 walk-in shots for young people,
hopefuls queued from the early morning hours, and the line extended for blocks.
In South Korea, when the
authorities opened vaccinations to people in their 50s, roughly 10 million
simultaneously logged on to a government website to sign up for shots. The
system, which was designed to process up to 300,000 requests at a time,
temporarily crashed.
People in poorer nations whose
lives were upended by extended lockdowns felt they had no choice but to get
vaccinated. Indonesia and the Philippines are home to thousands of daily-wage
workers who cannot rely on unemployment benefits to survive.
Arisman, 35, a motorcycle taxi
driver in Jakarta, Indonesia, said he got his second shot of the Chinese-made
Sinovac vaccine in July because his job involved contact with many people.
“If I get sick, I don’t get money,”
said Arisman, who like many Indonesians goes by one name. “If I don’t work, I
don’t get money.”
The lack of social safety nets in
many Asian countries motivated many governments to roll out the vaccines
quickly, said Tikki Pangestu, a co-chair of the Asia-Pacific
Immunization Coalition, a group that assesses Covid-19
vaccine preparedness. “At the end of the day, if they don’t do it, they’re
going to end up with social unrest, which is the last thing they want,” he
added.
When the United States and European
nations were rushing to vaccinate their people late last year, many Asian
countries felt they had the luxury of time. They had kept the coronavirus under
control by masking, testing and keeping their borders shut. Many nations wanted
to wait until the clinical trials were completed before they placed orders.
Then came the Delta variant.
Despite keeping their countries largely sealed off, the virus found its way in.
And when it did, it spread quickly. In the summer, South Korea battled its
worst wave of infections; hospitals
in Indonesia ran out of oxygen and beds; and in Thailand, health care
workers had to turn away patients.
With cases surging, countries
quickly shifted their vaccination approach.
Sydney, Australia, announced a
lockdown in June after an unvaccinated limousine driver caught the Delta
variant from an American aircrew. Then, Prime Minister Scott Morrison, who had
previously said vaccination “was not a race,” called in July on Australians to
“go for gold” in the country’s inoculation drive.
He moved to overcome a supply
shortage, compounded by the slow regulatory approval. In August, Australia
bought one million Pfizer doses from Poland; this month, Mr. Morrison announced
a purchase of a million Moderna shots from Europe.
When the Delta outbreak emerged,
fewer than 25 percent of Australians over the age of 16 had received a single
shot. In the state of New South Wales, which includes Sydney, 86 percent of the
adult population has now received a first dose, and 62 percent of adults are
fully vaccinated. The country expects to fully inoculate 80 percent of its
population over the age of 16 by early November.
“There was great community
leadership — there were people from across the political divide who came out to
support vaccination,” said Greg Dore, an infectious-disease expert at the
University of New South Wales. “It really helped us turn around a level of
hesitancy that was there.”
Many governments have used incentives
to encourage inoculations.
In South Korea, the authorities
eased restrictions in August on private gatherings for fully vaccinated people,
allowing them to meet in larger groups while maintaining stricter curbs for
others. Singapore, which has fully vaccinated 82 percent of its population,
previously announced similar measures.
Researchers there have also
analyzed the pockets of people who refuse to be inoculated and are trying to
persuade them.
Dr. Ng from the National University
of Singapore and his team recently found out that a group of seniors who lived
alone were worried about possible adverse effects from the vaccine, fearing
they could die in solitude. The volunteers promised they would visit after the
vaccinations, a strategy that worked.
“This targeted approach does make a
difference, because at the end of the day, the mass communications campaign can
only take you so far,” Dr. Ng said.
Once countries were able to order vaccines,
many had to scramble to set up the infrastructures needed to immunize the
masses and quell public anger over the initially slow rollouts.
Miharu Kuzuhara, 26, a graphic
illustrator in Tokyo, got her Pfizer shots in July and August but was frustrated
that she had to wait that long. “We were losing to our other Asian neighbors,
like Taiwan and South Korea,” Ms. Kuzuhara said. “I had this feeling of
disappointment, like Japan is really the worst.”
The Japanese government dispatched
the country’s military to run vaccination centers in Tokyo and Osaka and
authorized companies to give shots to their employees. Local governments
offered payments to doctors and nurses to administer the shots during their
days off.
The share of people inoculated
against Covid-19 in Japan, at 69.6 percent, recently overtook that of the
United States. In some rural areas, vaccination rates are already close to 100
percent.
“Normally, people are hesitant,
they’re not very enthusiastic about vaccines,” said Dr. Takashi Nakano, a
professor of infectious diseases at Kawasaki Medical School. But “there was
strong political commitment, a real feeling in the nation that because this is
an infectious disease, we need to take steps to prevent it.”
Reporting was contributed
by Muktita Suhartono, John Yoon, Hisako
Ueno and Makiko Inoue.