[In a report released in October, the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights said that Myanmar’s security forces had worked to “effectively erase all signs of memorable landmarks in the geography of the Rohingya landscape and memory in such a way that a return to their lands would yield nothing but a desolate and unrecognizable terrain.”]
By
Hannah Beech
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A Rohingya woman and her
child returning to the Basara camp in Sittwe, Myanmar.
Across central Rakhine,
about 120,000 Rohingya have been interned in camps. Many
more have fled the
country. Credit Adam Dean for The New York Times
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SITTWE,
Myanmar — He was a member of
the Rohingya student union in college, taught at a public high school and even
won a parliamentary seat in Myanmar’s thwarted elections in 1990.
But according to the government of Myanmar, U
Kyaw Min’s fellow Rohingya do not exist.
A long-persecuted Muslim minority
concentrated in Myanmar’s western state of Rakhine, the Rohingya have been
deemed dangerous interlopers from neighboring Bangladesh. Today, they are
mostly stateless, their very identity denied by the Buddhist-majority Myanmar
state.
“There is no such thing as Rohingya,” said U
Kyaw San Hla, an officer in Rakhine’s state security ministry. “It is fake
news.”
Such denials bewilder Mr. Kyaw Min. He has
lived in Myanmar all of his 72 years, and the history of the Rohingya as a
distinct ethnic group in Myanmar stretches back for generations before.
Now, human rights watchdogs warn that much of
the evidence of the Rohingya’s history in Myanmar is in danger of being
eradicated by a military campaign the United States has declared to be ethnic
cleansing.
Since late August, more than 620,000 Rohingya
Muslims, about two-thirds of the population that lived in Myanmar in 2016, have
fled to Bangladesh, driven out by the military’s systematic campaign of
massacre, rape and arson in Rakhine.
In a report released in October, the Office
of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights said that Myanmar’s
security forces had worked to “effectively erase all signs of memorable
landmarks in the geography of the Rohingya landscape and memory in such a way
that a return to their lands would yield nothing but a desolate and
unrecognizable terrain.”
“The Rohingya are finished in our country,”
said Mr. Kyaw Min, who lives in Yangon, the commercial capital of Myanmar.
“Soon we will all be dead or gone.”
The United Nations report also said that the
crackdown in Rakhine had “targeted teachers, the cultural and religious
leadership, and other people of influence in the Rohingya community in an
effort to diminish Rohingya history, culture and knowledge.”
“We are people with our own history and
traditions,” said U Kyaw Hla Aung, a Rohingya lawyer and former political
prisoner, whose father served as a court clerk in Sittwe, the capital of
Rakhine.
“How can they pretend we are nothing?” he
asked.
Speaking over the phone, Mr. Kyaw Hla Aung,
who has been jailed repeatedly for his activism and is now interned in a Sittwe
camp, said his family did not have enough food because officials have prevented
full distribution of international aid.
Myanmar’s sudden amnesia about the Rohingya
is as bold as it is systematic. Five years ago, Sittwe, nestled in an estuary
in the Bay of Bengal, was a mixed city, divided between an ethnic Rakhine
Buddhist majority and the Rohingya Muslim minority.
Walking Sittwe’s crowded bazaar in 2009, I
saw Rohingya fishermen selling seafood to Rakhine women. Rohingya professionals
practiced law and medicine. The main street in town was dominated by the Jama
mosque, an Arabesque confection built in the mid-19th century. The imam spoke
proudly of Sittwe’s multicultural heritage.
But since sectarian riots in 2012, which
resulted in a disproportionate number of Rohingya casualties, the city has been
mostly cleared of Muslims. Across central Rakhine, about 120,000 Rohingya, even
those who had citizenship, have been interned in camps, stripped of their
livelihoods and prevented from accessing proper schools or health care.
They cannot leave the ghettos without
official authorization. In July, a Rohingya man who was allowed out for a court
appearance in Sittwe was lynched by an ethnic Rakhine mob.
The Jama mosque now stands disused and
moldering, behind barbed wire. Its 89-year-old imam is interned.
“We have no rights as human beings,” he said,
asking not to use his name because of safety concerns. “This is state-run
ethnic cleansing and nothing else.”
Sittwe’s psyche has adapted to the new
circumstances. In the bazaar recently, every Rakhine resident I talked to
claimed, falsely, that no Muslims had ever owned shops there.
Sittwe University, which used to enroll
hundreds of Muslim students, now only teaches around 30 Rohingya, all of whom
are in a distance-learning program.
“We don’t have restrictions on any religion,”
said U Shwe Khaing Kyaw, the university’s registrar, “but they just don’t
come.”
Mr. Kyaw Min used to teach in Sittwe, where
most of his students were Rakhine Buddhists. Now, he said, even Buddhist
acquaintances in Yangon are embarrassed to talk with him.
“They want the conversation to end quickly
because they don’t want to think about who I am or where I came from,” he said.
In 1990, Mr. Kyaw Min won a seat in
Parliament as part of a Rohingya party aligned with the National League for
Democracy, Myanmar’s current governing party. But the country’s military junta
ignored the electoral results nationwide. Mr. Kyaw Min ended up in prison.
Rohingya Muslims have lived in Rakhine for
generations, their Bengali dialect and South Asian features often
distinguishing them from Rakhine Buddhists.
During the colonial era, the British
encouraged South Asian rice farmers, merchants and civil servants to migrate to
what was then known as Burma.
Some of these new arrivals mixed with the
Rohingya, then known more commonly as Arakanese Indians or Arakanese Muslims.
Others spread out across Burma. By the 1930s, South Asians, both Muslim and
Hindu, comprised the largest population in Yangon.
The demographic shift left some Buddhists
feeling besieged. During the xenophobic leadership of Gen. Ne Win, who ushered
in nearly half a century of military rule, hundreds of thousands of South
Asians fled Burma for India.
Rakhine, on Burma’s western fringe, was where
Islam and Buddhism collided most violently, especially after World War II,
during which the Rakhine supported the Axis and Rohingya the Allies.
Later attempts by a Rohingya insurgent group
to exit Burma and attach northern Rakhine to East Pakistan, as Bangladesh was
then known, further strained relations.
By the 1980s, the military junta had stripped
most Rohingya of citizenship. Brutal security offensives drove waves of
Rohingya to flee the country.
Today, far more Rohingya live outside of
Myanmar — mostly in Bangladesh, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia and Malaysia — than
remain in what they consider their homeland.
Yet in the early decades of Burma’s
independence, a Rohingya elite thrived. Rangoon University, the country’s top
institution, had enough Rohingya students to form their own union. One of the
cabinets of U Nu, the country’s first post-independence leader, included a
health minister who identified himself as Arakanese Muslim.
Even under Ne Win, the general, Burmese
national radio aired broadcasts in the Rohingya language. Rohingya, women among
them, were represented in Parliament.
U Shwe Maung, a Rohingya from Buthidaung
Township in northern Rakhine, served in Parliament between 2011 and 2015, as a
member of the military’s proxy Union Solidarity and Development Party. In the
2015 elections, however, he was barred from running.
Hundreds of thousands of Rohingya were
disenfranchised in those polls.
Mr. Shwe Maung’s electoral district, which
had been 90 percent Rohingya, is now represented by a Rakhine Buddhist.
In September, a local police officer filed a
counterterrorism suit accusing Mr. Shwe Maung of instigating violence through
Facebook posts that called for an end to the security offensive in Rakhine.
(The military operation began after Rohingya militants besieged government
security posts in late August.)
Mr. Shwe Maung, the son of a police officer
himself, is in exile in the United States and denies the charges.
“They want every Rohingya to be considered a
terrorist or an illegal immigrant,” he said. “We are much more than that.”