[When Denmark repeatedly came in first on the World Happiness Report, which looks at the science of measuring quality of life, more people became aware of both the report, and the concept behind it.]
By Kai Schultz
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Dasho Karma Ura, shown in
Thimphu in September, has for more than two decades
developed and fine-tuned
Bhutan’s Gross National Happiness indicator.
Credit Adam Dean for The
New York Times
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THIMPHU,
Bhutan — As a downpour
settled into a thick fog outside, Dasho Karma Ura let his eyes flicker at the
ceiling of a wood-paneled conference room and began expounding on the nature of
happiness.
“People feel happy when they see something
ethical,” he said. “When you think you have done something right and brave and
courageous, when you can constantly recharge yourself as a meaningful actor.”
“And lastly,” he added, thumbing Buddhist
prayer beads, “something which makes you pause and think, ‘Ah, this is
beautiful. Beautiful, meaningful, ethical.’ ”
Mr. Ura, 55, is perhaps one of the world’s
leading experts on happiness, at least as seen through the lens of development
economics. It has been something of a preoccupation for more than two decades
as he has developed and fine-tuned Bhutan’s Gross National Happiness indicator,
a supplementary, sometimes alternative, yardstick to the conventional measure
of development, gross domestic product.
As the president of the Center for Bhutan
Studies and GNH Research, Mr. Ura has spent much of his time asking Bhutanese
questions about interactions with neighbors, quality of sleep and physical
vigor in an attempt to understand and measure subjective well-being. Over the
years, he has watched the idea catch on far beyond Bhutan, a remote kingdom in
the Himalayas.
When Denmark repeatedly came in first on the
World Happiness Report, which looks at the science of measuring quality of
life, more people became aware of both the report, and the concept behind it.
As nations struggle with what Mr. Ura called
more “guns, bullets and bombs” than at any other time in history, he said it
was imperative that many more countries devise indicators that look beyond
economics.
“We have to find new ways of organizing our
drives and energies toward peace and harmony,” he said. “We have to sincerely
find a way out of it, out of this mutual insecurity. Because you have more
guns, I have to have a little more guns. The long-term collapse is facing us.”
While Gross National Happiness has become a
political tool around election time, Mr. Ura believes the index has drawn
greater attention to social problems. And the results appear to be positive, he
said.
In 2015, his staff members released a study
that showed 91.2 percent of Bhutanese reporting that they were narrowly,
extensively or deeply happy, with a 1.8 percent increase in aggregate happiness
between 2010 and 2015.
Those who were educated and lived in urban
areas reported higher levels of contentment than their rural counterparts. Men
reported feeling happier than women.
Bhutan’s Constitution, which went into effect
in 2008 with the transition to democracy, directs the kingdom’s leaders to
consult the four pillars of Gross National Happiness — good governance,
sustainable socioeconomic development, preservation and promotion of culture,
and environmental conservation — when considering legislation.
Born into an agricultural community in
central Bhutan, Mr. Ura said his childhood was marked by changes that brought
him closer to a world beyond farming. In the 1960s and 1970s, Swiss investors,
taken with his district’s alpine terrain, helped develop road and water
systems. The introduction of a formal education system in Bhutan gradually
upended the mind-set of many villagers, who felt schooling took away from
responsibilities at home.
After graduating at the top of his class in
Thimphu, Bhutan’s capital, Mr. Ura was sent to St. Stephen’s College in India,
where he at first pursued history. By the time he reached Oxford in 1983, he
had begun a longer foray into philosophy, economics and politics.
When he returned to Bhutan in 1988, he was
taken aback, first with the condition of the country’s libraries, which he
called “extremely rudimentary,” and then with the way an “industrializing, Cold
War” focus on materialism had started to threaten the country’s Buddhist
traditions.
“The metrics of international development
agencies were seeping into our language, into our consciousness, into our
accountability system,” he said.
During this period, the standard metrics for
measuring a country’s progress on the global development scale had come under
scrutiny in Bhutan, Mr. Ura said. Indicators that looked exclusively at income
or a country’s investments were found to miss out on some larger, moral truth,
“that aggregate final optimal value which we call happiness.”
The term “Gross National Happiness” had
already been coined by King Jigme Singye Wangchuck, who ruled Bhutan until
2006. But the vocabulary remained imprecise, Mr. Ura said, and the task of
developing criteria to measure happiness as a development tool was passed down
to him and his staff members.
Mr. Ura maintains that his work has never been
about mathematics, but instead about understanding the immediacy and intimacy
of a person’s experiences, which he believes get a country closer to measuring
true progress. With something like air quality, for instance, Mr. Ura said he
was fascinated with people’s perceptions.
“Maybe air is very unpolluted across the
country, we know this in Bhutan, but in some pockets you may be breathing very
bad air,” he said. “So it is not the objective measurement of air quality, but
how do you feel your air quality is around you.”
In an interview, Mr. Ura was quick to defer
credit for developing Gross National Happiness to King Wangchuck. But he has
become a more visible advocate internationally.
In 2008, Nicolas Sarkozy, then the president
of France, commissioned the economists Joseph E. Stiglitz, Amartya Sen and
Jean-Paul Fitoussi to write a report investigating the usefulness of happiness
in development indexes. In 2011, the United Nations General Assembly passed a
resolution inviting member states to consider measures that could better
capture the “pursuit of happiness” in development. The first World Happiness
Report was released in 2012.
But Mr. Ura acknowledged that questions have
arisen about whether a happiness indicator was nothing more than a thought
experiment praised in elite academic circles and among wealthy nations. Even as
the index caught on outside Bhutan, Mr. Ura said, persuading other developing
countries to look past development conclusions driven by income has been
difficult.
“After we become rich. Let’s discuss after
per capita income is $10,000,” he said, giving an explanation for why some
nations have taken longer to embrace the indicator. “Life is not sequential
like this. You don’t say that I want to become rich first and happy later.”
Although Bhutan has its own economic
challenges, including one of the world’s highest debt to G.D.P. ratios and a
lopsided reliance on India for development, Mr. Ura believes a happiness index
has remained popular in the country partly for religious and historical
reasons.
A Buddhist belief in alleviating suffering
has had an effect, he said. But so, too, has the absence of colonialism and
extreme poverty. Countries that have been slow to carry out the measure, he
said, are often unable to move beyond the “overhang” of traumatic pasts.
“If you go back to the newspapers,
continually, under the banner of G.N.H., these sorts of things are raised which
would not otherwise be raised,” he said. If Bhutanese read about an assault, he
continued, “people write, ‘In the G.N.H. country, why is this happening?’”
Going forward, Mr. Ura seemed realistic about
the challenges facing Bhutan’s own implementation of the indicator. As the
country has developed, large-scale hydropower projects have driven the economy
forward, but they have also displaced some farmers and those living in rural
communities, he said.
Mr. Ura said ensuring that maximizing
aggregate happiness did not come at the expense of those on the margins would
have to remain a priority. But as Bhutan looks to expand and diversify its
economy, he acknowledged that it was difficult to predict the exact calculus
for harmonizing Gross National Happiness and gross domestic product.
As for the calculus of his own “perfect happy
day,” Mr. Ura said it involves six hours of “profoundly deep” sleep, an
hourlong afternoon walk to a forest and avoiding what many of his fellow
citizens might consider a fifth pillar of happiness: Bhutan’s very hot chilies.