[Corruption is notorious
in the private power sector, where political supporters win lucrative
contracts, often at inflated costs or without even producing a megawatt of
power. In 2011 the auditor general noted that the government had committed to
$1.7 billion in such contracts, yet added just 62 megawatts to the national
power grid.]
By Declan Walsh and Salman Masood
 |
| Load-shedding in Pakistan. Image Courtesy: The Express Tribune |
LONDON — A week before he is to
be sworn in as Pakistan’s prime minister for the third time, Nawaz Sharif has
secured one form of power, yet now faces a fierce battle to find another.
Electricity shortages,
bad for years, have reached crisis proportions. Lights go out for at least 10
hours a day in major cities, and up to 22 hours a day in rural areas. As the
summer heat pressed in suddenly last week — touching 118 degrees Fahrenheit in
the eastern city of Lahore — Pakistanis again took to the streets to protest
the chaotic state of the country’s power delivery system.
Doctors and nurses picketed outside
hospitals, complaining about lacking clean water and having to
cancel operations. Demonstrators
burned tires, blocked traffic or pelted electricity company
officials with stones.
Students cannot study
for exams, morgues struggle with decomposing bodies, and even the rich complain
that their expensive backup generators are straining badly — or, in some cases,
blowing up from overuse.
In a bid to quell
discontent, Pakistan’s interim government, which is running the country until
Mr. Sharif takes over, has ordered civil servants to switch off their
air-conditioners and stop wearing
socks — reasoning that sandals were more appropriate in such
hot conditions.
“Everyone is affected,”
said Iqbal Jamil, a heat-flustered resident of Landhi, a neighborhood in
Karachi.
The crisis is the
product of multiple factors, from decrepit power plants to crumbling
transmission lines to decades-old policy mistakes. One reason, however, stands
above the others: most Pakistanis will not pay their bills.
The system is paralyzed
by $5 billion in “circular debt” — basically, a long chain of unpaid bills that
cuts across society, from government departments to wealthy politicians to slum
dwellers. At its worst, this leaves power providers with no funds to pay for
fuel, so their plants slow or shut down entirely.
As a political issue,
electricity has galvanized the Pakistani public — more so, even, than Islamist
militancy. Mr. Sharif swept to victory in the May 11 election in part on the
appeal of slogans promising to deliver a “shining Pakistan” and to “end the
darkness.”
Analysts say the
question is whether Mr. Sharif has the political backbone to make the tough
decisions needed to change the system, particularly as some of his own
supporters, along with other rich and powerful Pakistanis, are among the bill
defaulters who need to start paying their fair share.
“This is not like
finding a cure for cancer — people know what needs to be done,” said Robert M.
Hathaway, director of the Asia program at the Woodrow Wilson International
Center in Washington, D.C., who has written a book on Pakistan’s electricity
crisis. “The problem is implementation, and finding the political will.”
The crisis has hit
hardest in Mr. Sharif’s home province, Punjab. In Kharian, a Punjabi town along
the historic Grand Trunk Road, Malik Mazhar Iqbal Awan, a businessman, fanned
himself with a newspaper as beads of sweat rolled down his forehead.
Mr. Awan owns a small
marble factory. In the yard outside, a handful of workers sat quietly beside a
cutting machine, waiting for the power to return. Just four years ago, Mr. Awan
said, he employed 25 people. Now he has just six.
“I can’t pay their
salaries,” he said, wiping away dust that had blown in through an open window.
“How can I if we can only work a few hours every day?”
Mr. Awan said he had
voted for Mr. Sharif, a former steel baron, because he was “110 percent sure”
the candidate could turn the electricity situation around. “He’s an
industrialist,” he said. “He thinks differently than the others.”
Although easing the $5
billion “circular debt” is the principal problem, experts say money is only
part of the solution. Deep-rooted structural issues, exacerbated by political
interference and systemic graft, lie at the heart of Pakistan’s power crisis.
Electricity theft, by
rich and poor, is common. Slum dwellers steal power through illegal connections;
powerful politicians and government departments simply refuse to pay their
bills. Electricity officials and the police, fearing retribution, dare not cut
them off.
Corruption is notorious
in the private power sector, where political supporters win lucrative
contracts, often at inflated costs or without even producing a megawatt of
power. In 2011 the auditor general noted that the government had committed to
$1.7 billion in such contracts, yet added just 62 megawatts to the national
power grid.
One prominent candidate
in this election — Raja Pervez Ashraf, the country’s last prime minister — has
been closely identified with the power crisis. After he lost his parliamentary
seat in a crushing defeat, officials with the national anticorruption body
stepped in, summoning Mr. Ashraf last week to answer accusations that he had
taken kickbacks worth tens of millions of dollars from foreign companies on
power projects.
Even those supposed to
be enforcing the law are breaking it. At one police station in Sindh Province,
officers erected an illegal power connection for their air-conditioners. In
other areas, electricity company officials are afraid to disconnect defaulters
for fear of attack.
About 20 percent of the
electricity supply disappears across the country, and up to 33 percent in the
worst-affected district, as a result of dilapidated transmission lines or
outright theft, said Fariel Salahuddin, a power sector consultant.
“The fastest way to
improve things is to start collecting bills and come down hard on theft,” she
said. “That’s easier said than done, though.”
The crisis is exacting
an economic toll equivalent to at least 4 percent of the country’s gross
domestic product, according to economists — greater than the estimated economic
cost of the Taliban insurgency.
At the same time,
government policy is a shambles. Decision-making is centered in the notoriously
corrupt Energy Ministry; no major new power plant has been built for decades,
and the existing ones are falling into disrepair. As a result, Pakistan relies
heavily on expensive furnace oil imports.
“There is complete
disarray between all entities involved,” said a report on the power crisis that
was commissioned by the National Planning Commission last March.
In the short term, Mr.
Sharif will seek to salve his power woes by trying to find foreign cash or fuel
to get dormant power stations back on line. His officials have suggested that
Saudi Arabia, a country that Mr. Sharif enjoys close relations with, could offer up
to $15 billion worth of emergency oil supplies on favorable
terms.
But oil and money can
provide only temporary relief, and Mr. Sharif may also seek other foreign
assistance to tackle the structural problems — some in the face of opposition
from the United States.
Last week he asked the visiting Chinese premier,
Li Keqiang, to provide Pakistan with help in building a civilian nuclear power
plant. That was widely seen as an indirect rebuff to the United States, which
offered similar help to Pakistan’s rival, India, in 2006 — a source of enduring
resentment in Pakistan.
Similarly, President
Asif Ali Zardari signed a deal with Iran last year to run a gas pipeline across
the border to Pakistan. But the project would run afoul of United Nations
sanctions on Iran — penalties that were championed by Washington.
The United States, for
its part, has spent $225 million since 2009 in refurbishing Pakistan’s decrepit
hydroelectric power plants, adding 900 megawatts to the national grid. American
officials are also working with the government to improve revenue collection.
But large-scale
infrastructure projects, like new hydroelectric dams, take years to come to
fruition. And international donors are reluctant to commit further funds
without signs of strong reform from Pakistan’s political leadership.
Pakistan’s leaders know
they are running out of time. Other countries also face crippling electricity
shortages, of course, in parts of the Middle East or sub-Saharan Africa. But
none of those nations possess nuclear weapons, or such a rapidly growing
population as Pakistan, estimated at 180 million people.
Population growth alone
is adding 1,000 megawatts per year to the country’s electricity needs, said Mr.
Hathaway of the Wilson Center.
“We Americans also like
to defer tough decisions,” he said, referring to contentious and expensive
reforms in education and social welfare. “But Pakistanis are approaching a
point where they no longer have that luxury.”
Declan Walsh reported from London, and Salman
Masood from Kharian, Pakistan. Zia ur-Rehman contributed reporting from Karachi.