FOR THE INDIAN FATHER OF THE ‘GOD PARTICLE,’ A LONG JOURNEY FROM DHAKA

[The paper he wrote, titled "Planck's Law and the Light-Quantum Hypothesis," was first rejected by a referee at the London-based journal named Philosophical Magazine, which had published some of Mr. Bose's previous papers. Undeterred, Mr. Bose sent it, in the summer of 1924, to Berlin, to the desk of Mr. Einstein, who had won his own Nobel three years earlier. Mr. Einstein received dozens of such manuscripts every day, and he was already turning away from the field of quantum mechanics to work out larger unified theories. (In "Subtle is the Lord," Abraham Pais noted that "Einstein said of his work in quantum statistics, 'That's only by the way.'") But perhaps something about Mr. Bose's accompanying letter caught Einstein's eye:]

By Samanth Subramanian

Courtesy of Falguni Sarkar/The S.N. Bose ProjectSatyendra Nath Bose at Dacca University (now Dhaka) in Bangladesh in the 1930s

In the word "boson," as media reports have plentifully pointed out during the past two days, is contained the surname of Satyendra Nath Bose, the Calcutta physicist who first mathematically described the class of particles to which he gave his name. As was common with Indian scientists in the early 20th century, however, his work might easily have eluded international recognition. Like the mathematician Srinivasa Ramanujam, Mr. Bose was saved from obscurity by a generous and influential mentor in Europe. In Mr. Bose's case, that mentor turned out to be one of the greatest physicists of them all: Albert Einstein.

In 1921, Mr. Bose moved from the faculty of the University of Calcutta to that of the University of Dhaka. He had already published papers with his friend and colleague Meghnad Saha, working particularly equations of state, which describe how matter behaves under differing sets of physical conditions. Mr. Bose was not entirely happy in Dhaka at first. A month after he moved, he wrote to Mr. Saha:

Work has not yet started. [The university has] quite a few things but due to utter neglect they are in a bad way. Perhaps I need not elaborate. On the table of the sahibs are scattered lots of Nicol prisms, lens and eye-pieces. It would require a lot of research to determine which one belongs to which apparatus. We do suffer from a lack of journals here, but the authorities of the new university have promised to place orders for some of them along with their back numbers. Talk is going on about having a separate science library.

After he settled in, Mr. Bose began to worry away at the intricacies of black-body radiation. In 1918, Max Planck had won the Nobel Prize in physics for discovering that objects emit radiation in discrete packets of energy, called quanta; he had also set down an equation governing this process. But as C.S. Unnikrishnan, a professor at the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research told me, Mr. Bose was troubled by a perceived inconsistency in Mr. Planck's process. "These quanta were treated as particles of light, but the equation simultaneously assumed that radiation was behaving like waves," Mr. Unnikrishnan said. "Somewhere this was cheating - that was Bose's impression. So he had to invent a way of counting the particles in a 'gas' of light, at various possible energy states, and still have Planck's law hold good. He was reverse-engineering Planck's equation, in a way."

Much later, in 1970, Mr. Bose would tell an interviewer named Jagdish Mehra:

As a teacher who had to make these things clear to his students, I was aware of the conflicts involved and had thought about them. I wanted to know how to grapple with the difficulty in my own way. It was not some teacher who asked me to go and solve this little problem. I wanted to know. And that led me to apply statistics.

The paper he wrote, titled "Planck's Law and the Light-Quantum Hypothesis," was first rejected by a referee at the London-based journal named Philosophical Magazine, which had published some of Mr. Bose's previous papers. Undeterred, Mr. Bose sent it, in the summer of 1924, to Berlin, to the desk of Mr. Einstein, who had won his own Nobel three years earlier. Mr. Einstein received dozens of such manuscripts every day, and he was already turning away from the field of quantum mechanics to work out larger unified theories. (In "Subtle is the Lord," Abraham Pais noted that "Einstein said of his work in quantum statistics, 'That's only by the way.'") But perhaps something about Mr. Bose's accompanying letter caught Einstein's eye:

Respected Master,
I have ventured to send you the accompanying article for your perusal and opinion. I am anxious to know what you think of it I do not know sufficient German to translate the paper. If you think the paper worth publication I shall be grateful if you arrange for its publication in Zeitschrift fur Physik. Though a complete stranger to you, I do not feel any hesitation in making such a request. Because we are all your pupils though profiting only by your teachings through your writings. I do not know whether you still remember that somebody from Calcutta asked your permission to translate your papers on Relativity in English. You acceded to the request. The book has since been published. I was the one who translated your paper on Generalised Relativity.
Yours faithfully
S. N. Bose

Mr. Einstein did indeed think the paper worth publication. Within a month, he had translated and submitted it to Zeitschrift für Physik, appending a note at the end of its four concise, equation-filled pages: "In my opinion Bose's derivation signifies an important advance." Mr. Einstein would take Mr. Bose's work further still, applying his statistical techniques to "count" atoms in an ordinary gas, and to discover the low-energy states of particles in the supercooled gases known now as Bose-Einstein Condensates.

The publication of this paper - and Mr. Einstein's championing of it - earned Mr. Bose a two-year leave of absence to conduct research in Europe. His university had been reluctant to grant him this leave, but when Mr. Einstein sent him a hand-written postcard acknowledging the importance of his contribution, "it solved all problems," Mr. Bose told Mr. Mehra, who wrote a short biography of him for the Royal Society in 1975. "That little thing gave me a sort of passport to the study leave. They gave me leave for two years and rather generous terms. I received a good stipend. They also gave a separation allowance for the family, otherwise I would not have been able to go abroad at all. Then I also got a visa from the German Consulate just by showing them Einstein's card. They did not require me to pay the fee for the visa!"

In Paris, Mr. Bose worked with Maurice de Broglie and Marie Curie, armed with letters of introduction from a French Indologist named Paul Langevin. "She was very nice," he told Mr. Mehra about Ms. Curie. "I told her that I would remain in Paris about six months and learn French well, but I wasn't able to tell her that I knew sufficient French already and could manage to work in her laboratory. She preferred to have her own ideas and told me that I better be around a long time, not hurry, and concentrate on the language."

Mr. Bose met Mr. Einstein only in late 1925, in Berlin. That meeting, he recalled, "was most interesting. He wanted to know how I had hit upon the idea of deriving Planck's law in this way. Then he challenged me. He wanted to find out whether my hypothesis did really mean something novel about the interaction of quanta, and whether I could work out the details of this business." These were momentous meetings for Mr. Bose. In 1972, in the American Journal of Physics, William Blanpied wrote after an interview with Mr. Bose: "Even more than forty years later, one still has the impression that the young Bose was terribly intimidated by Europeans... The nature of British rule in India...had the effect of making the subject people believe that they really were inferior."

Returning to Dhaka in 1926, Mr. Bose earned a professorship in physics, but he did not publish for a long time thereafter. His interests wandered - over the constantly shifting terrain of physics, but also into other fields, such as philosophy, anthropology, literature and the surging Indian independence movement. Only in 1937 did he publish his next physics paper; in the early 1950s, he worked on unified field theories, into which Mr. Einstein had thrown himself so completely, but these were hardly groundbreaking. "I was not really in science anymore," Mr. Bose would tell Mr. Mehra, "I was like a comet, a comet which came once and never returned again."

@ The New York Times
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